Percentage Composition by Mass of Magnesium Oxide Essay

Percentage composition by mass of magnesium oxide – Report Objective: To measure and calculate the ratio of magnesium to oxygen in magnesium oxide. To compare the lab ratio to the percent composition calculation based on the formula. Hypothesis: Based on the law of definite proportions, the percentage composition of magnesium oxide should be around 60% magnesium and 40% oxygen. Materials: * Goggles * Centigram or analytical balance * 2-4 cm magnesium ribbon * Steel Wool * Porcelain crucible and lid * Bunsen Burner * Retort Stand * Ring Stand and Clamp * Clay Triangle * Crucible Tongs * Glass Stirring Rod * Distilled Water Calculations + Observation: Please see the back of the report. Discussion: B) The fact that magnesium oxide was formed, which is a new substance, proved that a chemical reaction had taken place. E) Yes, the law of definite proportions is valid, because most of the other groups that had not encountered as many errors as us and they had more accurate results which were closer to the predicted compositions according to the law. The rest had similar results to us which proves that their errors were similar to ours. H) The white film on the surface of the magnesium was polished because it prevents reactions of magnesium and gas elements in the air. This was necessary because we wanted magnesium to react with oxygen and therefore had to remove the white film. Conclusion: J) Yes, the law of definite proportions is valid, because most of the other groups that had not encountered as many errors as us had more accurate results. The rest had similar results which proves that their errors were similar as well. Sources of error: You have to be very precautious while doing this experiment. Here are reasons/possible errors that could have been encountered: * The magnesium oxide could have been lost through the crucible during the heating process. This could result in the loss of the product. To prevent this, the lid should be set slightly off-center on the crucible so that only the air goes in. * When the glass stirring rod was used to crush the magnesium, there is a high chance that the magnesium oxide could have been left on it before adding the water, resulting in the loss of product. To prevent this, the stirring rod should be held above the crucible and then pour the water slowly on to the end of the stirring rod so that the water would run down into the crucible while dragging the MgO from the stirring rod. * Magnesium could have not reacted with oxygen completely. * The crucible might be left dirty with other particles in it that could have made variations in the MgO reaction. * The water could be contaminated. * All water might not have evaporated. * Magnesium having not been crushed completely into powder after reaction. * Rushing through experiment because of lack of time. * Chance of Problem with weighing scale. * Crucible had extra weight due to extra contents that were unseen.

John Marshall Court Cases

Marbury vs. Madison What was the case: Marbury was a soon-to-be appointed justice of the peace when Adam’s presidency came to an end, resulting in his successor, Thomas Jefferson denying credibility of the appointments because they were not completed during the time of Adam’s presidency. Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison, was asked to allow the commissions. Decision: The Supreme Court denied Marbury’s writ of mandamus and he was denied the commissions. Reasoning: Congress cannot expand the Supreme Court’s power past Article three, and the Supreme Court has no jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus.Significance: The significance of this court case is that it affirmed the judicial review and helped make the judicial branch co-equal with the two other governmental branches. Fletcher vs. Peck What was the case: In Georgia, legislators were bribed to allow 30 million acres of land to be sold for less than two cents per acre. This scam was ca lled the Yazoo land scam. In purchasing land from Peck during the Yazoo land buying and selling in Georgia, Fletcher sued Peck for selling land against the 1796 act claiming the land was not yet constitutional impaired by an act in Georgia.Decision: The land was given a clear title to Fletcher and the act was unconstitutional. Reasoning: A law that deems a property unconstitutional established under a previous law is unconstitutional. Significance: This was the first time a state law had been overturned by the Supreme Court. McCulloch vs. Maryland What was the case: Maryland enacted a law that requires all banks without a charter from the state to pay a tax and they are prohibited to print money without stamped paper from the state.McCulloch, a cashier in a branch of the Second National Bank in Baltimore, did not pay the taxes, resulting in the suing of McCulloch by Maryland. McCulloch questioned the constitutionality of the act. Decision: McCulloch won. Reasoning: The Bank of the U nited States is permitted to establish a branch in any state, the state has no power. Significance: This case gave the United States government implied powers ontop of those listed in the constitution. Dartmouth College vs. WoodwardWhat is the case: The charter was to Dartmouth College by the King of England in 1769 and had specific purposes for its establishment. In 1816, New Hampshire’s state legislature passed a law changing the school from a private school to a public school. The school argued that the state did not have the right to do so. Decision: The verdict came as a win for Dartmouth College. The New Hampshire law was removed. Reasoning: The charter was between the King and the trustees so any American laws that would change such a charter would become invalid.Significance: The decision on the court case increased business investment and growth due to the security businesses have without the interference of the state on their charters. Gibbons vs. Ogden What was the case: Gibbons was granted permission from the federal government to operate steamboats between New Jersey and New York. Ogden was given permission by the state by being granted a monopoly to operate steamboats between New Jersey and New York. Ogden saw it unfair the special treatment Gibbons had over Ogden and he filed a lawsuit. Decision: The verdict came to be judgment for Gibbons.Reasoning: The Commerce Clause of Article one allows Gibbons to continue his trade in the trading waters. Significance: The decision on this case gave the federal government the ability to regulate commerce between states. Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia What was the case: The Cherokee Nation brought this case to the Supreme Court against the state of Georgia in order to receive justice over the laws that destroy the Cherokee Nation as a separate political society and forbid them from the lands that they had set out for their Nation in treaties between the Nation and the United States government.Decision: T he Supreme Court denied the Cherokee Indians the request against the state of Georgia. The Cherokee Nation lacked jurisdiction for the case. Reasoning: The United States Supreme Court only deals with cases with â€Å"foreign nations† and the Indian nation was excluded from the foreign nations when this was determined. Significance: This case left the Cherokee Indian nation dependent on the United States. This case also led to the Trail of Tears which moved the Cherokee Indians and many more West where along the way, thousands lost their lives.Worcester vs. Georgia What was the case: After hearing about the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia case decision and reasoning, Samuel Worcester took Georgia to court again because he felt that the state had no authority to pass laws that go on in the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation which is a nation recognized by treaties signed by both the Indians and the United States. Decision: Worcester won, disregarding his conviction of living in the C herokee Nation without a state permit.Reasoning: The law passed by Georgia was unconstitutional and went against the treaties signed by both the Cherokee Nation and the United States government in agreement that the Nation would be politically independent and its own nation from the country around it. Significance: The ruling on this case made the Cherokee Nation recognized as a politically independent nation from the country that envelopes it. Part C Evidence from this lesson such as his fairness in his decisions in the Supreme Court cases and his respect from high officials from part A if this assignment, this statement is made true.John Marshall represents American law as a whole by his contributions to the laws and relationships between state government and federal government proven in the McCulloch v. Maryland case, for example. Also, his contributions to the â€Å"foreign nations† and our relationships with them such as the Cherokee Indians was strengthened and made his tory. John Marshall truly was the leader of American law and he would represent it proudly.

Care at the end of life Essay

It is a fact that humans are born to die. What was once considered a natural part of life has changed to an experience that may be more painful for the patient, family, and caregivers due to the advances in medical care. New procedures have allowed life to be extended longer than ever before. The question is: has the dying experience improved? This paper will include a review of death and dying from the perspectives of the patient and caregivers. An unfortunate case will be discussed, and the organizational structure, culture, and governance that led to this situation will be reviewed. Recommendations for the changes necessary to prevent such cases in the future will be included. Ms. Smith was a 66 -year -old female with breast cancer that had metastasized to her lungs and liver. She had two adult daughters who lived in her home town and one of them had a young child. Mr. Smith was a 70- year-old retired factory worker. Ms. Smith had gone through lengthy chemotherapy and radiation treatments that had left her weak and debilitated. She developed pneumonia and experienced a respiratory arrest. She was placed on a ventilator and was weaned off the ventilator after two weeks. She remained in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Her family stayed with her as much as the ICU visiting hours allowed, but she was often alone and told her family that she was in pain and wanted to die. The nurses were  concerned about her pain needs, but were also worried that too much medication could cause another respiratory arrest. Ms. Smith languished in the ICU for two months until she did have another respiratory arrest and died without her family at her side. She and her family had agreed that she would not go back on the ventilator, and the physicians had written a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order. They had planned to move her from the ICU, but they hesitated to place her on a regular floor. Everyone involved in the case believed that it was not handled well, and a team was assembled to determine how to improve the care of the dying. A review of the literature found that this institution was not alone with their concerns that the care of the dying needed to improve. Autonomy is one of the core bioethical principles that focuses on the right of every individual to make choices regarding health care decisions. Providers and caregivers spend a great deal of time instructing and coaxing patients to take control of their own health. But these providers are often surprised and upset when patients with life-limiting illnesses express a desire to control the timing and circumstances of their end-of-life experience (Volker, Kahn, & Penticuff, 2004). In their study, they found that people with advanced cancer expressed a wide variety of preferences for personal control and comfort, and that many wanted to remain as involved as possible in their daily lives for as long as possible. Organizations can play a key role in policy changes to support the needs of these individuals. Providers are trained to see death as the enemy, and sometimes forget that death is a natural part of the human experience. Joe Cantlupe’s story in Health Leaders stated that â€Å"we don’t always deal with the issues of death and dying very well in our culture† (p. 14, 2013). The Institute of Medicine published a report that concluded that many patients die in pain, are not referred to hospice in a timely manner, and the improvements in care have not led to improvements in care at the end of life. Fortunately, there have been efforts to study the patient’s perspective of death and dying as well as the perspectives of nurses and physicians. These studies are leading to a better understanding of the experience and the methods needed to improve the quality of end of life care (Cantlupe, 2013). It may seem strange to consider quality about end of life care, but it is recognized as an ethical obligation of health care providers and organizations. Singer, Martin, and Kelner studied 126 patients on dialysis, diagnosed with AIDS, or residents of long-term care facilities, to determine their views on end-of-life issues. Their results identified five domains of quality care at the end-of-life. These were â€Å"adequate pain and symptom management, avoiding inappropriate prolongation of dying, achieving a sense of control, relieving burden, and strengthening relationships with loved ones† (p. 163, 1999). The participants expressed fear of lingering or kept alive when they could no longer enjoy their lives. Many stated that they would not wish to go on life support if they were not going to improve or have a chance to live a normal life again. Several mentioned that being placed on life support was the same as being a guinea pig. There were conflicting reports on the choice of dying at home or in a hospital. Some wanted to be at home, but others felt that was a burden on the family (Singer, Martin, & Kelner, 1999). Another study by Gourdji, McVey, & Purden in 2009 interviewed palliative care patients about the meaning of quality of life at this stage of their illness, and the factors that would improve their quality of life. They found that several factors, including their approach to life, their approach to their illness, and their ideal of quality of life shaped their end-of-life experiences. These patients stressed that they most wanted to continue what they had been doing for most of their lives for as long as possible. They also wanted to help others when possible and live in a caring environment. They often mentioned the use of humor and a positive attitude in the environment. When they discussed their illnesses, they expressed frustration with their physical limitations, and hopelessness when the disease reoccurred. As providers began to understand the gap between their traditional training and the needs of patients, researchers began to evaluate the skills needed to provide a better quality of end-of-life care. Nursing had long considered the choices made about artificial nutrition or hydration, palliative treatment, or symptom control to be in the medical domain, and the nursing role was often unclear. Nursing is involved in the end-of-life care. They are with the inpatient on a 24-hour basis, they use a  patient-centered approach to care, and they have experience and expertise in caring for dying patients and their families. Case studies have found that the nurses’ involvement in end-of-life care is not only about the technical decisions in the care process, but also that the daily interactions that nurses have with patient’s vulnerabilities make them ethically sensitive to the needs of the patient and family (Gastman, 2012). The International Council of Nurses (ICN) developed a code of ethics that stated that nurses are responsible to alleviate suffering as well as promoting health and preventing illness. By expanding the scope of end-of-life care beyond the narrow medical definitions, and aligning the code of ethics with a broader definition of end-of-life care to expand beyond the hospital setting, nursing can become more involved in end-of-life care (Shigeko, Nague, Sakuai, & Imamura, 2012). The role of the primary care provider in end-of-life care has also been studied, and these studies have found that despite the continuity and comprehensiveness of primary care, few Americans die under the care of their familiar provider. Many patients have reported feeling abandoned by their primary care provider at the time of death. Care at home by primary care providers benefits many patients and the health care system overburdened by hospitalization cost (Silveira, & Forman, 2012). On the other side of the care spectrum, the role of the intensive care provider also can be improved. White and Curtis (2005) studied the need and the impact of shared decision- making on critically ill ICU patients. They found that while involving families in end-of-life decisions is a complex task that requires excellent communication skills, the more time spent with families discussing and explain the issues, the higher the family satisfaction. The hospital where Ms. Smith died was the average institution with an organizational structure that included a Chief Medical Officer and Medical Directors of each specialty area. There was a Chief Nursing Officer as well as Nursing Administrators responsible for the care of patients. They had been very focused on treating illness, and considered themselves successful. The review by the improvement team helped them to see that they needed to change their perspective and consider less paternalistic alternatives to caring for patients at the e nd-of-life. These alternatives usually save cost as well as providing better care at end-of-life. The reimbursement for palliative care programs has been slow, and this has  prompted many hospitals to team up with local hospice programs or nursing facilities to decrease cost. Palliative care has been shown to extend the life of patients, reduce cost, and be more satisfying to the patient and family. Multidisciplinary teams that include physicians, nurses, social workers, psychologists, and spiritual counselors, work together to relieve the suffering, pain, depression, and stress that is often a part of chronic illness. These teams may also include nutritionists and therapist when needed by the individual patient. These programs listen to even the simple requests of patients and families. They work with the patient to get them to the best environment for them and to allow them dignity and control at the end of life. These teams are also moving to the outpatient area to prevent or decrease hospi tal admission and improve quality of life (Cantlupe, 2013). Conclusion Ms. Smith’s hospital should implement a multidisciplinary palliative care team. They should also add education to the program so that the patients and families are better informed about the results of care decisions such as ventilation, hydration, and nutrition. The hospital personnel need to be trained about palliative care and shift their paternalistic approach to a patient-centered approach. It is doubtful that Ms. Smith would have remained in the ICU for two months if there had been a palliative care program in place. She may have been able to transfer to an inpatient hospice center where her family could stay with her, and she would not have died alone and in pain. References Cantlupe, J. (2013, September). A fresh look at end-of-life care. Health Leaders, 12-22. Gastman, C. (2012, September). Nursing ethics perspective on end-of-life care. Nursing Ethics, 19(5), 603-604. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/1041054841 Gourdji, Iris. McVey, L., & Purden, M. (2009, Spring). A quality end of life from a palliative care patient’s perspective. Journal of Palliative Care, 25(1), 40-50. Izumi, S., Nagae, H., Sakurai, C., & Imamura, E. (2012, September). Defining end-of-life care from perspectives of nursing ethics. Nursing Ethics, 19(5), 608-616.

Shaping Ethical Contexts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shaping Ethical Contexts - Assignment Example For the clinical psychologists, there is a need to maintain loyalty to the patient for them to open up in therapy, despite the nature of information revealed (Steere 42). The moral foundation of fairness/cheating explains the ethical conflict surrounding payments for services. Although payment is generally expected for services rendered, insurance companies rarely pay for the entire therapy, leading clinical psychologist to contemplate stopping therapy or to falsify information so as not to cause harm to the patient by stopping therapy (Beinart et al 33). Sanctity/degradation can explain the ethical conflict that occurs in doctor-patient relationships, especially due to complications caused by outside interests. This moral foundation emphasizes the abhorrence of improper actions, such as personal or business relationships interfering with the ability to treat patients. Finally, the moral foundation of care/harm can explain the ethical conflict that arises with regards to competence in applying appropriate therapeutic practices. While the patient may require specific treatment, the clinical psychologist may not have the proper training to provide it a nd may have to accept personal limitation to avoid harming the patient (Jensen 46). Survival of the fittest is a phrase originating from the theory of evolution. Posited by Herbert Spencer as an alternative to the description of natural selection mechanisms, it is more commonly utilized to refer to the increased probability of fit organisms/persons to survive a specific test compared to unfit ones (Bradie 51). This phrase is also expressible as a hypothesis or theory, contending that fit individuals are, compared to unfit individuals, in a sense more suited to surviving a specific situation or condition. In this case, the individuals of a species who are best suited to their

Shakespeare's Mystery Identity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Shakespeare's Mystery Identity - Research Paper Example Regardless of their nature, conspiracy theories are, by their very nature, engaging. If it were not for the fact that conspiracy theories and alternate views of history were not engaging and interesting, individuals would not integrate with a belief in them. However, even though a litany of different conspiracy theories exist with respect to the way in which the world exists and what has taken place in the past, a thread of commonality exists between almost all of these conspiracy theories; namely, the dearth of evidence that exists to back them up. One of the more engaging conspiracy theories that exists within literature, and the analysis thereof, is the theory that William Shakespeare was not the sole author of all of the work so that are attributed to him. This theory has many different variants; however, the most popular denotes the fact that William Shakespeare was merely a pseudonym through which different individuals published the work so that it now so commonly and widely be en attributed to William Shakespeare. The first and most common point of interest that those who do not believe William Shakespeare was an individual capable of such works of poetic symbolism and colorful language point to is the fact that the William Shakespeare that exists in recorded history did not possess a formal education. As such, individuals who approach the issue from this particular standpoint Harold the fact that even though William Shakespeare could have been self educated, his overall level of understanding for the English language, unique symbolism, philosophical interpretation, religious overtones, and a firm grasp of history is extraordinarily unlikely for an individual that was not of â€Å"high birth†.... Although it is true that William Shakespeare inherited and â€Å"Honorable† title from his father, this title in and of itself was rather low as compared to the level of education and knowledge that Shakespeare possessed (Kingsley-Smith 158). It must be understood that within the current era, it is quite possible for an individual of low status and low birth to integrate with high levels of education and better themselves in an effective manner. However, within Shakespeare’s time, low birth was akin to a sentence of austerity and relative hardship. As the middle class did not firmly exist within the United Kingdom until the 17th century, it is unlikely that an individual of relatively humble birth could’ve integrated with such a high level of education from such an early age. Another definitive argument that is pointed she was with respect to the fact that William Shakespeare was intimately aware of the affairs of European court. What is meant by this is that eac h and every oil house that existed within Europe, during and before Shakespeare’s lifetime, operated within a given set of defined and traditional guidelines. As such, a familiarity with the way in which British court operated and the Royal decisions were made upon the throne did not extend universally to the way in which French affairs of court, Danish affairs of court, or Italian affairs of court were delineated. As such, beyond merely a great depth in education, Shakespeare was uniquely and seemingly intimately aware of the way in which affairs of court were conducted; blending one to believe that the individual who was ultimately responsible many of Shakespeare’s works was in fact a royal or an esteemed individual with

A Code of Ethics for Corporate Code of Ethics Essay

A Code of Ethics for Corporate Code of Ethics - Essay Example In fact, responsibility and respect toward those in need of help may simply disappear if people disregard universal codes of conduct and are driven by personal prejudices. Nevertheless, caring for and participating with people of different tastes and identities would jump-start an upward trend of a company’s reputation. There are several reasons why it works. First, genuinely human intentions coming from a company make people more devoted to it. Second, consumerism is driven by people’s choices. Third, being ethical complements universal tendency for goodness, though it makes companies grow rich. In accordance to my workplace dilemma, it was essential for me to take the right part in the situation. Racial profiling is impossible when talking about code of ethics in medicine. Otherwise, the universal codes of ethics among paramedics would fail to be true. Egocentricity and biases are those drives which influenced the law enforcement and my partner. As I see, sociocentric thought fulfilled their narrow-minded vision of the situation (Paul & Elder, 2006). It appeared for them to be of rationality not to take care of the man bleeding from his neck. However, I disregarded this viewpoint, even though it was predominant at that time, and refused such a self-serving perspective going apart from ethnical minorities. As a result, it was a good a chance to improve, since the man had positive consequences after we provided him with a medical care.

Legislative & Executive Branches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legislative & Executive Branches - Essay Example PTA includes a couple of negotiating objectives that such trade agreements must work towards. According to the article, to uphold Congressional oversight, the Act mandates that in the course of the process of negotiating trade agreement, the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) should meet with and give access to important or classified documents up on request by Members of Congress. This article explains the theme covered in this weeks content on the Congress in the sense that the Congress, as part of the three branches of the U.S. government, is accorded significant role by the Constitution. Legislative powers is devolved to the Congress, meaning that the Congress is the only arm of the government which can change existing laws or make new laws. Executive branch only issue regulations, but these are merely under the power of laws passed by the Congress. If the President reject the bill, the Congress may override that rejection by a simple two-thirds vote. If the President`s rejection of the bill is overruled, the he should act by strengthening his tie with the senators and house representatives. That response is the best way to have his will

Research summary article on theorist Patricia Benner Essay

Research summary article on theorist Patricia Benner - Essay Example ding, one core fact that cannot be disputed that in most jurisdictions, a person is expected to produce a form of attestation that shows mastery over theory by passing a given examination before accreditation can be given to practice. The question that comes to mind in such an instance therefore is whether Benner held a convincing position with her theory in the primary research titled â€Å"from novice to expert†. In the article by Benner, the researcher emphasized on the relationship between theory and practice and noted that it is possible for expert nurses to develop the skills and understanding needed to undertake critical patient care even when knowledge on theory is minimal. From this assertion, the researcher was able to identify five major levels of nursing proficiency, all of which were largely based on the outcome of practical nursing experience. These stages were novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. In what may be stated to be a perspective opinion, Benner noted that a lot of emphasis can be taken away from theory to practice because practical knowledge comes through research and that theory is only manifested as a characterization of practice. By implication, the researcher opined that theory is not sufficient to bring effective practice but through field practice, a person is able to get the fundamental â€Å"know how† of clinical experience. Based on the synopsis that has been given about the primary research by Benner, an immediate conclusion that can be given is that most parts of the world have not embraced her theory because without theoretical competence, it is very difficult for a person to be accredited to practice as a nurse. From a personal position, it would be said that as much as it will be agreed that a person can gain more experience whiles practicing nursing, the need for period updating of one’s theoretical knowhow cannot be underestimated. This is because the health sector is one that is highly technical

Islamic Religion in Prison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic Religion in Prison - Essay Example can be traced back to the eighteenth century (Latessa & Allen, 1997), and many scholars of the contemporary prison noted down that religious reflection and beliefs had lots of influence on developing current, secular prison practices (Rothman, 1995; Young, Gartner, O'Connor, Larson, & Wright, 1990). In light of this, this paper presents the results of a study exploring the process of conversion to Islam amongst young male prisoners. In accordance with Rambo (1993, pg. 13), there are effectively four ways in which religious adaptation can be practiced: it perhaps a practice of increased loyalty and commitment within the same religious composition; a move from non religious devotion to a religious life; a change from one religion to another; and the shifting of a person from one group of people to another inside the same major religious practices. As such, the population of Islamic conversions in prison is expected to be varied, consisting of different traditions and different previous experiences of religious activities, as well as persons who recognize themselves as Muslim whose religiousity becomes more important upon imprisonment; persons who do not identify themselves with any religion prior to imprisonment but who then subsequently adopt Islam whilst in jail; and inmates who were following non-Islamic religions prior to, or certainly during part of, their imprisonment, but who then convert to Islam. Within prison, a potential convert can come across a setting that is in support of the practice of conversion. Kose's (1996) study of Muslim conversions in prison shows that the majority of persons practiced three patterns of conversion to Islamic religion, given that "intellectual, affectional, and investigational patterns". Initial skepticism about prior faiths and intellectual finding within Islam values often paves the way towards conversion, and this has come with by individualistic contacts with Muslim brothers or links and a period of "carrying-out-tests" with Islamic religion. The prison environment is itself sometimes a 'hazardous environment' for inmates, owing to the high levels of 'violent behavior' that can be practiced, which may consist of sexual or physical threats and attacks (Edgar and O'Donnell, 1998). However, converting to Islam in jail may serve to lessen an inmate's threat from unfair treatment. Several researchers reported

Ketones in insulin resistant state Essay Example for Free

Ketones in insulin resistant state Essay 1. How is glucose normally maintained in the post absorptive state? 2. Why is muscle glycogen not useful for blood glucose 3. Why may this situation have evolved 4. Under what circumstances do you think substantial gluconeogenesis will occur 5. What is necessary for the production of ketones 6. What will reduce acetyl CoA oxidation 7. When is oxaloacetate availability impaired 8. When is the regulation of gluconeogenesis disrupted Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated by eachother. What promotes the activity of one inhibits the other. Lack of insulin leads to high levels of glucose in the blood, gluc levels exceed renal threshold. . this causes excess water to excreted in urine (polyuria) Ketones are formed when there is not enough sugar or glucose to supply the body’s fuel needs. This occurs overnight, and during dieting or fasting. During these periods, insulin levels are low, but glucagon and epinephrine levels are relatively normal. This combination of low insulin, and relatively normal glucagon and epinephrine levels causes fat to be released from the fat cells. The fats travel through the blood circulation to reach the liver where they are processed into ketone units. The ketone units then circulate back into the blood stream and are picked up by the muscle and other tissues to fuel your body’s metabolism. In a person without diabetes, ketone production is the body’s normal adaptation to starvation. Blood sugar levels never get too high, because the production is regulated by just the right balance of insulin, glucagon and other hormones.However, in an individual with diabetes, dangerous and life-threatening levels of ketones can develop. When there is not enough insulin, the fat cells keep releasing fat into the circulation, and the liver keeps making more and more ketones and ketoacids. The rising ketoacid levels make the blood pH too low (acidotic/Diabetic Keto-Acidosis), which is an emergency medical situation and requires immediate medical attention. Oxidation reaction†¦ leads to release of h+ ions Lipogenesis: Since carbohydrates are the major part of the diet, they must be immediately converted into energy, stored as glycogen, or converted into fats. The introduction has already presented the facts about the necessity of storing energy as fat. A total of 55% of the carbohydrates are involved in the synthesis of fats. The total energy content of the diet must be balanced with the energy requirements of the human body. If excess foods (calories) are ingested beyond the bodys energy needs, the excess foods (energy) are converted into fat. If insufficient calories are ingested, the energy deficit is made up by oxidizing fat reserves. These simple facts provide the key to weight control although it is probably more easily understood than carried out in practice. Excessive deposits of lipids lead to an obese condition. Extensive blood capillary networks in these deposits mean that they are quite active metabolically. Obesity puts a strain on the heart by causing it to pump blood through extra c apillaries. Generally, obesity results from overeating, but a few people have malfunctioning endocrine glands. Lipid metabolism is in a constant state of dynamic equilibrium. This means that some lipids are constantly being oxidized to meet energy needs, while others are being synthesized and stored. In rats, the average life-time of a single lipid molecule ranges from 2 to 10 days. A similar figure probably applies to human lipid metabolism. The sequence of reactions involved in the formation of lipids is known as Lipogenesis. Lipogenesis is not simply the reverse of the fatty acid spiral, but does start with acetyl CoA and does build up by the addition of two carbons units. The synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm in contrast to the degradation (oxidation) which occurs in the mitochondria. Many of the enzymes for the fatty acid synthesis are organized into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthetase. The major points in the overall lipogenesis reactions are: Starvation and Diabetes Synthesis of Ketone Bodies: When the body is deprived of food whether by voluntary or involuntary fasting, starvation is the net result. During starvation, glycogen reserves are rapidly depleted and the body begins to metabolize reserves of fat and protein. The entry of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the availability of oxaloacetic acid for the formation of citric acid. In starvation or uncontrolled diabetes situations, oxaloacetic acid is used to synthesize glucose and is then not available for use with acetyl CoA. Under these conditions, acetyl CoA is diverted from the citric acid cycle to the formation of acetoacetic and 3-hydroxybutanoic acids. In three steps, two acetyl CoA react to make acetoacetic acid. The acetoacetic acid may be changed into either acetone or 3-hydroxybutanoic acid. All three compounds are collectively known as ketone bodies even though one is not a ketone. The odor of acetone may be detected on the breath of a person with excess ketone bodies in the blood. The overall accumulation of ketone bodies in blood and urine is known as ketosis. The acids also upset buffers in the blood to cause acidosis. Both acetoacetic acid and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid can be used by the heart, kidneys, and brain for metabolism to produce energy. The heart and kidneys actually prefer these to glucose. In contrast, the brain prefers glucose, but will adapt if necessary in starvation or diabetic conditions. Link to: Ketone Bodies (move cursor over arrows)

Athens Vs Rome And Western Civilization History Essay

Athens Vs Rome And Western Civilization History Essay The United States political process is well developed and advanced, yet sometimes overlooked. However, we have the power to pick our own leaders and to vote on our own laws, a power some societies do not have. The founding fathers used ideas from the Greek and Roman Governments and incorporated them into the United States Constitution. In this paper, after giving a brief history of the Athenian and Roman governments, I will compare and contrast them with each other and the United States Government. In the 5th Century BC, the Athenians experimented with a form of democracy in which people had the opportunity to propose, vote on, and pass their own laws. This was called a Direct Democracy. For their democracy to be successful, two conditions needed to exist. First, the population needed to be small enough so that people could participate in politics. Second, people needed to have enough free time so that they may participate in government. The first condition was met by allowing only white, males of Athenian descent that were over the age of 18 to vote. This group totaled about 50,000 people or about 20% of the countrys population. The Athenians solved the second condition by using slaves to do the work, while the townspeople participated in the political process (http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac42). The Athenian political system of government was formed in the words of the first Athenian constitution, which was written by Aristotle in 350 BC. The constitution outlined how the checks? and balances system worked, and described the different positions in the government. One of the major differences between the Athenian Government and the United States Government was that the Athenians did not elect politicians, but rather proposed, debated, and passed or rejected laws (http://www.greektexts.com/library/Aristotle/The_Athenian_Constitution/eng/index.html). The first political pioneer of Athens was Solon, a dictator chosen by the people when Athens was in chaos (http://languages.siuc.edu/classics/Johnson/HTML/L10.html). Solon immediately erased all personal debts, freed prisoners, and brought back Athenians who had been sold into slavery from overseas, because they had not repaid their debts. He also started Athenian Agriculture by teaching the people how to grow wheat and grapes, which later became their staple crops (http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM). Solon also reformed government by dividing Athenian society into four classes based on wealth. The wealthiest classes could serve on the Aeropagus. The Aeropagus consisted of the citys nobles, and was named for the hill on which they met. The Aeropagus controlled the city and dictated its laws and customs, just like the dictators that would appear a few thousand years later (http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM). The third class served on a council of 400 people. This council was made up of the four Athenian tribes; each tribe could elect 100 representatives to participate in this class. This council served as the Aeropaguss system of checks and balances. The fourth class participated in an assembly, which voted on laws brought to it by the council of 400. This class also participated in a new court, which took cases from the Aeropagus (http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM). Solon seemed to be a good leader who held the city together because, during his lifetime, Athens prospered. After Solon died, Athens was plunged into chaos again. However, Peisistratus took over and tried once again to restore order to the city. He rebuilt Athens up from the inside out, by bringing in poets and artists to make it a more vibrant city. He also increased the assemblys power so that it could better serve the needs of the poor. He also made sure elections were held and that Solons reforms were followed. In addition, Peisistratus reformed the government by doing away with the Aeropagus and adding three new government bodies (http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/ATHENS.HTM). All of these bodies existed together in the Athenian polis or city-state. The first of these was the assembly, which was made up of the first 5000 citizens to get to the hillside where they held their meetings. They congregated about 40 times a year, and made the laws. The heart of the Assembly was the Council or boule. The council was consisted of 50 white males who did the bulk of the work, a new set of 50 were chosen every year (http://campus.queens.edu/depts/core/Core110/athenian_social_and_political_st.htm). The second group was the Council of 500, this group consisted of 500 citizens chosen at random for one-year terms. You could only be chosen for this council twice in your lifetime. This council helped prepare the agenda for the assembly meetings. Each month 50 different members of this council were called upon to prepare the agenda (http://campus.queens.edu/depts/core/Core110/athenian_social_and_political_st.htm). The third group was the jury courts.   The courts enforced the assemblys laws.   There were 6000 jurors, picked at random from volunteers, and a judge and jury were picked from these volunteers when a case came up. Their decisions were final as the accused had no appeals. (http://campus.queens.edu/depts/core/Core110/athenian_social_and_political_st.htm). In addition, Magistrates were chosen at random for a one-year term. They collected port taxes, organized tragedy and comedy performances, and festivals. There were 1400 magistrates, half-serving Athens and half serving overseas. In addition, every year 10 admirals were elected to oversee the safety of the city (http://campus.queens.edu/depts/core/Core110/athenian_social_and_political_st.htm). Every Athenian held a position in the government because there were thousands of positions available. Most of these positions were not full time, and did not involve passing laws but by doing it this way, it allowed both rich and poor to participate in the government. People were chosen randomly for these positions; this ensured that everyone had a chance for every job (http://languages.siuc.edu/classics/Johnson/HTML/L10.html). Even the word democracy is Greek; it comes from the words demos (people) and kratos (power), forming demokratos (people with power). Every Athenian was required to know the laws, and worldly happenings. In addition, anyone could attend the assembly, and speak, or introduce a new law (http://campus.queens.edu/depts/core/Core110/athenian_social_and_political_st.htm). We learned a lot politically from the Greeks. We learned the concept of democracy, that people could vote on laws and who is elected to public officeAssembly, that people could come together and voice the opinions on laws that were being passed. The Assembly in Athens was the model for the town hall meetings here in the United States. In the Athenian Assembly, the people were the law making body. In American Assemblies, the people just discuss laws and candidates. Tle the Greeks built the basis for the modern democracy, the Romans built the base for the modern republic. A republic is a government ruled by a body of people (the Roman Senate), rather than a king. The Roman Republic was also a Representative Democracy, which differs from a Direct Democracy in that the people elect leaders who will hopefully work in their best interests when voting (http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch15.htm). It all started in 509 BC, when Roman nobles drove out the Etruscan king Tarquin, thus ending the Etruscans control over the Romans. When the King was forced out his power was shifted to the Roman Senate (http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/ch15.htm). The Roman Senate was part of the much larger Roman political structure. This structure included the senate and the many magistrates positions. The first of these positions were the two consuls or chief magistrates, who convened and presided over the Senate, and served as generals. When their term of office ended, they usually governed a province as a proconsul (http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romangvt.html). Next, there were eight praetors, who served as judges. When their term ended, they often governed provinces as propraetors. Next, there were three censors, who were elected every 5 years for one and a half years; they counted citizens, senators, and property for tax collection and granted contracts. Next, there were the four aediles who managed public games, and the grain supply in Rome; two were plebeians, and the others, who were called curule aediles, could be from any class (http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romangvt.html). There were also 10 tribunes, whose job was to protect plebeians from judges, thus they could annul any judges ruling. They were sacrosanct, meaning that anyone who attacked them could be killed. Next, were the 20 quaestors, who served other provincial jobs (http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romangvt.html). The Roman Senate or the council of Elders was the chief Roman political authority. The Senate as a whole was made up of 600 roman men from wealthy families, ages 25 years or older. Senators were chosen by birth and rank or elected by consuls. They usually had served in politics before. Senators could not own anything, except land. The Senate was the most powerful force in Rome, and imposed laws until 300 AD (http://www.unrv.com/empire/struggle-of-the-orders.php). The Senate welcomed ambassadors to Rome, and sent ambassadors to other cities on behalf of Rome. It also elected town governors, and authorized going to war, peace. The Senate also appointed legates and controlled religious practices in Rome. It could also impose martial law, which made the two consuls dictators in times of crisis. (http://www.unrv.com/empire/struggle-of-the-orders.php). Two elected consuls who served as directors ran the Senate. One of the consuls was the Princeps Senatus. He was elected for a five-year term and controlled everything about the Senate from the agendas of the meetings to the speaking order. The other Consul was the Princeps Senatuss assistant (http://www.unrv.com/empire/struggle-of-the-orders.php). The Roman Senate put no limit on speaking terms, but they did have an order for who could speak first. They also pioneered the filibuster, which is when one person speaks for a long time in order to delay passage of a bill. (http://www.unrv.com/empire/struggle-of-the-orders.php). The last branch of the Roman political system was the Roman Assemblies places where people could discuss the laws that were brought up. There were four main assemblies. The first was the comitia curiata, which acted as the peoples assembly. It was made up of representatives of the three tribes of the city of Rome. Its role was to confirm magistrates, after the senate had confirmed them; it did not have any political power. It also served as an appeals court for death sentences, when a case was given to them. The minimum age for the representative for a curia was fifty years and his term was until his death (http://www.unrv.com/empire/struggle-of-the-orders.php). The second was the comitia centuriata. The comitia centuriata elected the consuls, praetors, and censors. It also officially declared war, and peace, as the United States Congress does today. It also was the court of appeals for executions. The third was the comitia tributa or the tribal assembly. It elected curule aediles, quaestors and other officials (http://www.unrv.com/empire/struggle-of-the-orders.php). The last assembly was the Plebeian Assembly or concilium plebis. The Tribune of the People or tribuni plebis could call it to session. It was the same as the comitia tributa; however, the nobles could not participate. Before 287 BC, the laws passed by the assembly could only affect Plebians. However, after 287 BC, the laws affected everyone (http://www.unrv.com/empire/struggle-of-the-orders.php). We adopted the idea for our United States Senate and many of the terms and positions within it, such as senate President, and filibuster. We also adpoted the representative democracy or the electing of politicians that will vote according to the beliefs of the people, which is the basis for United States Politics today. One major difference between the Roman and Greek political systems and the United States System is the role of women. In Greece and Rome, Women were never allowed to engage, or advise in any type of politics. Women were not allowed to vote in the US until 1920 (http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/). I believe that there were many similarities and differences between the Greek and Roman Systems of Government. One of the similarities was that everyone received a say in the government weather it was directly through the Greek assembly, or indirectly through the representatives of the Roman Senate. This gave people a chance to voice their opinions and gave them the idea that their opinions mattered. Thus, these governments were not dictatorships or monarchies. Another similarity was that both these governments controlled everything in their respective areas; no laws were given to separate states. The Athenian Assembly and the Roman Senate controlled religious practices, what people could and could not do, and how people should act. There were differences, however. One of the major differences was the way that people participated in the political process. The Greeks actually were the government, by participating in the assembly as they proposed, voted on and accepted new laws. The Roman method, which the United States later adopted, was to elect politicians to propose and vote on laws. These politicians would carry the views and opinions of the townspeople when they voted, thus laws would be passed that would hopefully reflect the sentiment of the people Another difference between these two systems is how politicians are elected, in Greece they are chosen at random, in Rome, they are usually former politicians who are the best at their position, and are usually chosen buy their follow politicians with help from the people on the committees. In the United States, politicians are elected randomly, however their party nominates them, and the party usually consists of former politicians. The Roman and Greek systems of Governments were the most advanced of their time. They were giants of political power, and although they had many similarities and differences, their ideas eventually helped form the system of government we enjoy in the United States today.

Class Emergence in the Industrial Revolution

Class Emergence in the Industrial Revolution The three main classes emerged in Industrial Revolution During eighteenth to nineteenth century, Britain started their first Industrial Revolution, which brought Britain’s social class into a different stage, and caused the emergence of the new classes, such as middle class. Before the Industrial Revolution, people’s standard of living and working conditions were very simple. Once the revolution started, people changed their work places from farms to factories and moved to urban cities in search of new job. Machines made goods replaced ones that had been done by hand. In a spite of that, the social classes in Britain also altered, which developed three different classes, includes upper class, middle class and working class. The emergence of these three classes followed by the growth of industry, which brought more people to an upper stage, as people’s desire rose, increasing of Capitalism also brought wealth to the rich people, finally, the improvement of education helped increase the population in each class. As the growth of industry boosted rapidly in the society, it created many alternative effects on the social classes, such as the gap between rich and poor. Before the Industrial Revolution started, the Agricultural Revolution caused the appearance of new machines and new farming techniques, which replaced lots of farmer’s works. Those unexpected changes brought many problems between workers and government. Workers form union and stroke, many new machines and factories got ruined at the time, but their strike didn’t take a long time, then government claimed that their movements or meeting were illegal. However, the brutal reality didn’t stand on the same side with those workers, and push the poor move from countryside to the urban, and searching for new jobs (Clifford). Most of the increasing population in the city was form by those who work in the factories, which also became as the working class (Butler). For this reason, more people started to work at factories instead of being a farmer. As the demanded of goods are rising, the needs of factories also became essential at that period, and more and more factories were opened (European industrialization). Due to most of the landlords, bankers and factory owners, their life condition became better than what they used to have, they got better education and health care, some of them were even wealthier than the nobles, which caused the emergence of the new middle class (European Industrialization). The growth of industry brought a great leap of new social classes, the existence of the working class and new middle class appeared. While the growth of factories is keep rising, people started to think about their own business instead of rely on the government, which increased capitalism, and drew the emergence of the new middle class. Before the Industrial Revolution, Britain was ruling under a feudalism system. With the society of feudalism, people got financial assistance from the government, because they only needed to have the ability to carry their own family, which also means that people should return their extra production or surplus to the government (Nairn). Since the Industrial Revolution started, the economy in Britain’s higher classes had a big improvement. With the growth of industry, the invention of new machines and technology allowed many landlord or owners got materials easier from the colonies, also, able to sell out their products in an easier and faster way. Those who were rich landlords and factory owners keep their wealthy and became upper middle class (Lobley). As the ability of fac tory production became better, people’s desire had become stronger, some of the factory or mill owners planned for start their own business, and became the one that taking control of the economy. The idea of the new political form capitalism affected people to repeal feudalism, and overthrew the upper class’s power (Poynton). Not everything came that successful, some of people that used to be working class became landless during the revolution, their life had changed, but not as successful as other classes did. The increasing taxes of goods or not being able to paid the fine to tenant caused them became vagabonds, looking for goods on the streets. Some of them were lucky, kept worked as a labor in the factory, which also became as the working class (Poynton). The increasing of the capitalism courage more merchants and factory owners became upper class, and also helped some landless became as workers in factories. The living standard of society rose by the improvement of the education, which allowed more people learned about society form and developed new ideas of social classes. Before all of the changes, children in Britain couldn’t attend to school like nowadays. The low population density gave a hard choice for the principle to build a school in a certain place. Some children needed to take a long time for getting the school, furthermore, this caused some children lost the opportunity of study. As a result, children went to the factories and lose the chance of study, which also decrease literacy rate. In spite of the bad result in the beginning of the revolution, it started to change from the increasing of the literacy rate of middle class or upper class in Britain, one of the reason is the mortality rate decreased, because the improvement of the medical facilities (Simon). According to rising of the population, more schools were built up around 1700s to 1800s. In around 1710 to 172 0, Great Britain even got about three hundred schools were established (chant). From the Industrial Revolution, more people realized the changing of the ages and the importance of education. Parents tried to send their children to school and let them received an official education, because they knew the new technology was going to replace the agricultural, and their old ways of working (Bulter). The new education brought more people into middle class. Some of the parents even sent their children to other countries for studied or worked under other companies or factories, the parents hoped their children could learn more, and by the chance they might got the right to work for the factories or companies while they grow up (European). The improvement of education helped more people understand their position in the society. The Industrial Revolution helped the developed of the new social classes with the growth of industry that help people getting to a higher stage, and became wealthier by the increased of capitalism, similarly improvement in education also brought more people into middle class. From the changes of the growth in industry, people moved to the cities and got works in the factories, because of the invention of new technology during the revolution, and which became the working class. As well as the growing of factories, many factory owners became wealthier or upper-middle class. The growth also raised their desire of having their own companies and factories, which increase the capitalism, many owners wanted to take control of the economy, and the new- middle class existed. Later on, the improvement on education also became better as the new technology developed, which increase the literacy rate and population in each classes. The new social classes form by the Industrial Revolution changed lots of people’s lives, whether alter to a better life or fell into a lower and worsen condition. Work Cited Chant, Tim De. Population Density Fostered Literacy, the Industrial Revolution Per Square Mile.Per Square Mile., 11 Nov. 2011. Web. 03 June 2014. Clifford. Effects of Industrial Revolution.Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 05 July 2011. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. European Industrialization.Faq.org. Faq, n.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. John, Bulter Chris. The Flow of History.FC113: The Social Impact of Industrialization . Theflowofhistory, 2007. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. Jordan, Graber Boyd. The Emerging English Middle Class: Illusory Upward Mobility and the Static Elite.CiteSeerX. Jordan Boyd Graber, 17 Dec. 2006. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Lobley, Pam. Differences Between Wealthy, Middle Class and Poor in the Industrial Revolution | The Classroom | Synonym.The Classroom., n.d. Web. 03 May 2014. Poynton, Darren. The Rise of Capitalism.World Socialist Movement, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. Simon, Julian L. DEMOGRAPHIC CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.Juliansimon. Juliansimon, 26 Apr. 2009. Web. 03 June 2014. Tom, Nairn. The English Working Class.Libcom.org. Red Marriott, 14 Feb. 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2013.

Buddhism Speech -- essays research papers

Today I am giving an informative speech on Buddhism. Now, "informative" is the key word here. I just want to reasure everyone that I am simply going to explain some of the philosophy of Buddhism. I am not, however, trying to sway your beliefs or views on life in ANY way. Instead, I'm going to share with you some of the basic things that I know, and however you choose to use the information, if at all, is totally up to you. In fact, one of the strongest beliefs of a Buddhist, is that their "way of life" is NEVER forced on anyone. To shove it down someones throught would contradict almost everything the Buddha had to say. To start, I wanna clear up some simple, misinterpretations that some of you may or may not have made, probobly due to the lack of information. First of all, Buddhists do not worship the Buddha, and the Buddha was not a God. He was just a teacher and an inspiration to his followers. He was someone who had obtained "enlightenment", or been awakened to the way that all things are. Kinda like a "meaning of life" sort of deal. Which is much more complex than many would expect. At first when Buddha discovered this, after meditating for several days, he believed it was pointless to try and teach someone what he has obtained, that his thoughts couldnt be explained through the means of words. but he was soon convinced when he came across a wondering holy man told him that "some people just have a little dust in their eyes,...

Incident in the Life of a Slave Girl :: essays papers

Incident in the Life of a Slave Girl No one ever questioned T.S. Eliot as to whether or not he is a human being. Harriet Jacobs is just as much of a person, but looked down upon as a possession, as an animal. T.S. Eliot: white, popular, praised. Harriet Jacobs: African-American, hidden, questioned. In comparing Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and T.S. Eliot?s ?The Fire Sermon? there lies a correlation between the two literary works. While T.S. Eliot never experienced the life of a slave, ?The Fire Sermon? alludes to white supremacy tainted with dirty scenery, while Harriet Jacobs describes a world where the color of skin can make you feel as if you hadn?t bathed in weeks. Religious references to scriptures also appear in both literary texts. While neither T.S. Eliot nor Jacobs preach religion, the presence of godliness and spirituality explain how different races use religion as a means of escape. Understanding the significance of the historical contexts that shape these works tell why Jacobs and Eliot write at this time and what difference it makes within the text itself. Historical contexts and the continuing literary value of texts mold the way in which they can be received and survive among competing authors. T.S. Eliot wrote during a time where slavery was illegal. It might have been common for African Americans to hold jobs that were looked upon as ?dirty work? such as being housemaids, cooks, etc. but the extent of brutality among African Americans and the work that they did was voluntary. Harriet Jacobs?s character, Linda Brent, had no such luck. When Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl was written, Lincoln was president but slaves were still being beaten and housed in plantations. Almost overnight, T.S. Eliot?s works became infamous; Eliot being a white male poet rising to infinite proportions. With a Nobel Prize under his belt as well as other numerous merits, anyone who questions the validity of his writings will almost always be argued with. On the other hand, Harriet Jacobs faces what Rafia Zafar calls a ?double negative of black race and female gender?(). Incidents has not received any sort of awards for literature although the book cover itself states it as ?one of the most important books ever written documenting the traumas and horrors of slavery in the antebellum South?(). Jacobs?s novel has yet to be recognized as a ?

Aspect of family in the film Pushing Hands Essay

Family has been depicted as one of the most important aspects in a number of films. Notably, many people believe in family as the most useful unifying aspect among various groups. In China, for instance, family is considered to be among the factors that individuals need to hold so dear to them. Various movies have been produced with the aspect of family being given weight in the movies. In addition, the cultural aspect of family has also been seen to be a factor that most individuals consider to be highly imperative in bringing to life the movies in question. This paper seeks to carry out an analytical interpretation of the aspect of family in the film Pushing Hands. In every family, father-to-son relationship is often seen as factor that is quite essential in bringing together the various family members. In addition, when the father and the son are at logger-heads, family unity is at a point of jeopardy and might escalate to highly detrimental scales. Apart from securing a unified family, father to son relationship is always considered a great aspect, especially in Chinese culture. In addition, most parents struggle to ensure that their children do not go against the immortal cultural values that each group is inclined to. Particularly, Chinese parents often want to see their sons embrace the Confucian cultural values even if they are in other countries (Huang, 2000). In line with family relationships between a father and a son, the film Pushing Hands seek to bring to the audience the idea of how westernization has affected family cultural values for the Chinese. Furthermore, the father (Mr. Chu) disagrees with his son Alex on the various family issues and cultural differences between the life in the United States and life in his home town Beijing, China. The film portrays the father son relationship as a cultural factor that should not be taken for granted and as an element that is highly significant in Chinese cultural aspects. As such, the script writer of the film has ensured that the film uses the best characters to bring out the issues of father-son relationship and the elements associated with the cultural differences between those living in the western countries and those living in China. Mr. Chu (Sihung Lung) who is an elderly man has fully devoted the wider portion of his life to the aspect of studying and teaching other learners tai chi in China. As a result of old age and the desire to be closer to his family, he makes up his mind to move in and stay with his son who is in the United States. However, having lived his entire life in Beijing, China, the elderly man finds it hard to cope with the different cultural factors in the United States. On the other hand, his son Alex (Bo Z. Wang) has been living in New York City for quite some time and has partly been affected by western cultural aspects which are totally different from the Chinese way of life and Tai Chi teachings (Hua-feng, 2013).One of the major family challenges that greatly affect the father and the son is the fact that the father arrives in New York without knowing any English word. In addition, the son is highly Americanized that it would be hard for the father to understand him. Besides, Alex has a w ife named Martha (Deb Snyder) who is a writer dealing with the pressure of trying to make sure she publishes her first novel, apart from taking care of her six-year-old kid. Mr. Chu faces the challenge of being totally at odds with a number of American customs and various technological factors. Furthermore, Mr. Chu cannot walk in New York alone as he easily loses his way. Since Mr. Chu is completely dumb on various factors in the American way of life, Martha begins to feel irritated with the fact that she might be taking care of two children. This is because the elderly Mr. Chu has to be taught everything as a child. While staying with his son, Mr. Chu develops a feeling that he has lost his dignity and independence thereby making the relationship between him and the son more challenging. Eventually, the elderly father tries to work things out on his own and look for a job. However, the harder he attempts to fit in the American culture and make New York look like his home, the more unfamiliar he seems to be. The elderly Mr. Chu feels lost in a different culture at a time when his son is feeling at home and has no issues being seen as an Americanized Chinese. The differences in cultural affiliations make the relationship between Mr. Chu and his son extremely difficult (Chan, 2004). The significance of the issues of father to son relationship in a family is highly relevant in the wider cultural context. The complexity in the relationship that is brought by different adaptation techniques to distinct cultures give the audience the most appropriate ways through which culture can be viewed in a wider perspective. The title is highly appropriate as it tries to bring out the facts about pushing an individual to conform to a cultural affiliation that is totally different from their original culture. In the non-aggressive turn of events between the father and the son, it is apparent that cultural fidelity is hard to break, and even if one does break it, it has to take quite a long time. The aspect of cultural conflict is an element that keeps on making various family ties broken hence making it difficult for the individuals involved to foster unity between themselves (Zhang, 2002). In the book From ‘Minority Film’ to â€Å"minority Discourse,’† Screening China, Zhang (2002) asserts that cultural aspects such as ethnicity and race play a major role in ensuring that family ties are kept alive. In addition, he argues that failure to stick to the family ties would lead to cultural conflicts. This cultural conflict is the main element that Master Chu find himself in and creates an internal misunderstanding in his cognitive thoughts. Even though his daughter-in-law totally misunderstood him, making him feel discontent and disgraced, the elderly Chu made sure that his efforts to cope up with American culture were kept alive. When he finally disagrees with his son over alleged mistreatment from the wife, he decides to gracefully have his way and walk out of the house. Consequently, after going his own way, Mr. Chu finds his own niche where he can have no one minding about his inclination to Chinese way of life. In conclusion, family and cultu re have been depicted as some of the most important aspects that need to be considered in learning cultural factors. Besides, culture has been seen as a major defining factor when it comes to association and togetherness. References Chan, K. (2004). The global return of the wu xia pian (Chinese sword-fighting movie): Ang Lee’s Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.  Cinema Journal,  43(4), 3-17. Hua-feng, L. I. (2013). Contradiction and Harmony of Family Ideas between China and America Reflected in the Movie, Pushing Hands.  Journal of Yunyang Teachers College,  2, 018.Huang, S. (2000). Ten thousand businesses would thrive in a harmonious family: Chinese conflict resolution styles in cross-cultural families.  Intercultural Communication Studies,  9(2), 129-144. Zhang Yingjin, (2002). â€Å"From ‘Minority Film’ to â€Å"minority Discourse,’† Screening China (73-90) Source document

Manager Vs. Leader

Effective leaders continually ask questions, probing all levels of the organization for information, testing their own perceptions, and rechecking the facts. They talk to their constituents. They want to know what is working and what is not. They keep an open mind for serendipity to bring them the knowledge they need to know what is true. An important source of information for this sort of leader is knowledge of the failures and mistakes that are being made in their organization. To survive in the twenty-first century, we are going to need a new generation of leaders, ot managers.The distinction is an important one. Leaders conquer the context, the turbulent, ambiguous surroundings that sometimes seem to conspire against us and will surely suffocate us if we let them while managers surrender to it. Leaders investigate reality, taking in the pertinent factors and analyzing them carefully. On this basis they produce visions, concepts, plans, and programs. Managers adopt the truth from others and implement it without probing for the facts that reveal reality. There is profound difference a chasm between leaders and managers. A good anager does things right.A leader does the right things. Doing the right things implies a goal, a direction, an objective, a vision, a dream, a path, a reach. Lots of people spend their lives climbing a ladder and then they get to the top of the wrong wall. Most losing organizations are over-managed and under-led. Their managers accomplish the wrong things beautifully and efficiently. They climb the wrong wall. Managing is about efficiency. Leading is about effectiveness. Managing is about how. Leading is about what and why. Management is about systems, controls, procedures, olicies, and structure.Leadership is about trust † about people. Leadership is about innovating and initiating. Management is about copying, about managing the status quo. Leadership is creative, adaptive, and agile. Leadership looks at the horizon, not Just t he bottom line. Leaders base their vision, their appeal to others, and their integrity on reality, on the facts, on a careful estimate of the forces at play, and on the trends and contradictions. They develop the means for changing the original balance of forces so that their vision can be realized.A leader is someone who has the capacity to create a compelling vision that takes people to a new place, and to translate that vision into action. Leaders draw other people to them by enrolling them in their vision. What leaders do is inspire people, empower them. They pull rather than push. This â€Å"pull† style of leadership attracts and energizes people to enroll in a vision of the future. It motivates people by helping them identify with the task and the goal rather than by rewarding or punishing them. Managers difference may be summarized as activities of vision and Judgment ffectiveness versus activities of mastering routines efficiency

Relative Isolation of Sub-Saharan Africa

Relative Isolation on Sub-Saharan Africa Relative isolation affected the development of sub-Saharan African cultures. The lack of contact with other African societies and non-African societies helped shape many distinct groups with individualistic forms of religion, language, and customs. Religion can only spread by contact with other people. There are two main religions in the Middle East and in Europe that have gained dominance and fight to maintain power. Religions such as Greek mythology were quickly pushed aside when a dominant power came in with a different religion.There are physical obstacles that kept people out of sub-Saharan Africa until the sixteenth century. This means that no major powers/religions were able to spread across the continent and unify the culture. This type of relative isolation is also true amongst African societies. Environmental factors have rendered it nearly impossible for an African society to put itself in a position of dominance over other societie s. Because the individual societies were focused on self-preservation instead of trading and conquering they each created their own unique religion.Africans did not have a large society/kingdom to fall back on for protection and survival. They also live in one of the harshest environments in the world; this forced them to live â€Å"as one with nature†, causing semi nature based religious systems which can also been seen in Native American culture pre-colonization. Even though the groups developed unique religions they still parallel other groups that lived under the same ecological conditions in Africa and in the Americas.Language is a defining piece of a societies identity; it creates a sense of unity amongst people, it shows a group’s means of food production, and it individualizes bands of people. African societies historically have not been in conflict with each other. This means that each group developed it’s own language and the langue has advanced along with the society. In places such as Europe and the Middle East each group had developed individual languages but with the progression of empires such as the Egyptians and the Romans came the spread of unified language.Unified language means societies now have words for tools and gods that they do not have. With little to no contact amongst African societies language did not spread through natural transactions: curiosity or trade. Societies in the rest of the world have been in contact with one another long before they were able to penetrate into sub-Saharan Africa. This means that they were trading; in order to trade one must be able to communicate with another. Trading will affect the language as whole, which will in turn cause unification in counting systems, religion, and technology.Societies in Africa did not have this exchange between groups which caused them to develop distinct societies which only had the technology and religion required to keep them alive. African customs we re derived from a need for survival. Societies in Africa had to deal with a harsh environment that was constantly pushing back at them. Their customs were a means of survival from the way they handled religion to telling children scary stories about dangerous plants and animals in the means of fairy tales. Unlike societies in Europe that usually had a kingdom of people to rely on for protection and food, Africans had to fight for survival.European societies created customs to separate classes of people based on wealth or physical appearance or some other identifier whereas African groups only created customs that benefited the group. The isolation of African societies caused them to create similar but distinctly different customs from each other. Relative isolation caused African societies to develop differently than the shared cultures of most the world. Societies in Africa also develop distinct cultures from each other due to their lack of contact with neighboring groups.

Lord of the Flies †Human’s Evil Inside Essay

Lord of the Files by William Goldings is about a number of boys being stranded on an unknown island without any adult authority figure. The boys have to learn how to survive, awakening a hidden urge buried inside humanity. â€Å"The theme is an attempt to trace the defects of society back to the defects of human nature† (background). While society grows and advances, the more civilized humanity is. Because the boys are trapped on an island with little society, they begin to show evidence of humanity’s inborn capacity for evil. When a cat plays with a mouse, it really does not do any harm to it. The cat is just having fun, while the mouse is scared out of its mind. Finally, when the cat gets hungry, it eats the mouse, putting it out of its misery (doc C). The cat does not fully understand what it feels like to be hunted. It is just listening to an inner voice, not knowing what it actually means, it just knows it is having fun and playing around with a smaller victim. In the novel, Jack is always putting Piggy down by calling him names such as fatty. He never listens to Piggy’s intelligent suggestions or reasons. Jack bullies Piggy just because Piggy seems like the smaller victim because he’s fat and insecure about himself. Jack does this because he is turning more savage and is listening to his inner evil. With the more technology man has, the more civilized man is (picture). In the early years of mankind, man had to use physical and pure brute strength to obtain food. Nowadays, mankind has learned to domesticate animals and kill them in a more efficient way. When mankind had to use pure brute strength they were very savage. Unlike today, where mankind is more civilized because killing of animals is not as common. For example, in Lord of the Files, the boys have to use brute strength to get their food because they do not have grown ups to do it for them. The boys having to kill animals means they are losing their civilization. Once mankind starts to lose its civilization, it forgets society and what matters. Mankind begins killing for entertainment (doc D). It begins to look for excuses to kill. While all of this is happening, mankind doesn’t know it is getting more and more savage. Jack, one of the best hunters on the island, realizes he enjoys killing living creatures when he kills his first pig. The boys believe there is a beast on the island, but the beast is not bothering them. While Ralph holds an assembly to say they should ignore the beast, if there is one, while Jack is saying they should kill the beast. When it is clear to the boys there is not beast, they being to realize the beast was in all of them. The deaths of Jewish families in the first Richard’s time were due to them being locked in a tower that was to be set on fire (doc C). The people who killed the families clearly underestimated death, thinking they can kill off Jews for no lagitament reason. Even though they are just young boys, the deaths of Simon and Piggy should have had more effect on them. There is something inside of them that said it was okay, that everything is going to be alright. While running away from jack and his group, Ralph runs into a naval officer. When the naval officer asks him if anyone died, he did not realize how horrible the deaths are until he sees the officer’s reaction. Ralph begins to cry and the rest of the boys join in, realizing how naive they are, listening to their inner evil. Indeed the boys are displaying evidence of humanity’s inner evil. The theme of the whole novel is to show humanity’s ability to ennate evil and Goldings does this by showing characteristics of savagery in Jack. He also shows the opposite characteristics, civilization, in Ralph. By doing this, Goldings was able to show how fast humanity’s inner evil can appear in a more savage person then a civilized person. Also, throughout this novel, he is able to prove humanity’s innate capacity for evil.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 39

Business - Essay Example It also notes how changes throughout the project will be made and effected1. AÂ  four year financial project has net cash flows of $20,000; $25,000; $30,000; and $50,000 in the next four years; it will cost $75,000 to implement the project. If the required rate of return is 0.2, conduct a discounted cash flow calculation to determine the NPV If the calculations are based on the numeric model, then Ms. Portillo can review her minutes and make a comparison with the actual figures of the financial period to ascertain everything. After which she can counter check the calculations once more after re-running to confirm the prediction accuracy of the model. Ensure a uniform technique model is used by all the managers in addition to learning on how to implement them. She should also provide auditing to ensure the figures are correct. In addition, she should also aim at reducing the chances of errors from occurring by enabling random sampling of the decisions that are

Employee Relations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Employee Relations - Term Paper Example As a general rule, under the Fair Work Act of 2009, unfair dismissal happens when an employee has been dismissed from his or her job but the dismissal was â€Å"harsh, unjust or unreasonable,† â€Å"not consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code† and â€Å"was not a case of genuine redundancy† (S.385). All these instances shall be determined by Fair Work Australia (FWA). The determination, however, shall depend on the facts and circumstances surrounding each case. The FWA is given the authority to evaluate to its satisfaction the respective allegations of the employer and employee with regard to the root cause of the dismissal. In such case, if the FWA is satisfied that the case is one of unfair dismissal, it will give due accord to the employee’s claim and if not, it will dismiss the claim in favor of the employer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FWA will dismiss an application due to either of the following grounds: (1) â€Å"application is not made in accordance with the Act† (2) it â€Å"is frivolous or vexatious† (3) it â€Å"has no reasonable prospects of success† (S.587 (1)). In Ms. Toni Potter vs. Darwin City Council, [2010] FWA 6129, FWA dismissed Potter’s application for unfair dismissal remedy. The FWA commissioner deemed the application as inappropriate since the substantive issues of the case had already been settled (â€Å"Potter vs. Darwin City Council,† 2010, para. 62). To provide a clear case of dismissal, the law enumerates the instances when an individual is considered to have been dismissed or not from his or her employment. In such delineation, the employer’s fault is emphasized as well as the importance of complying with the terms and conditions contained in a contract of employment. As stated, if â€Å"the person’s employment has been terminated on the employer’s initiative or the person has resigned from his or her employment, but was forced to do so because of conduct, or a course of conduct engaged in by his or her employer,† that individual is said to have been dismissed (S.386 (1)).

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 106

Case Study Example In this case, monetary compensation is not the most effective reward since they can be motivated by reassuring comments. The advice is consistent with the expectancy theory in that motivation is the basis for improving performance and outcome of the job tasks among the employees. The implication is that the executive management should create an organisational culture that supports employees to undertake their tasks by providing the necessary resources. On the other hand, the comments are in line with the valence aspect of the expectancy theory that suggests that how employees take the outcomes or rewards for their performance is the basis for their motivation to perform higher and better colleagues (Hall, Stammerjohan & Cermignano, 2011). Nonetheless, the advice is also in accordance with the equity theory that suggests that employees always expect the executive management to show fairness when rewarding for job inputs and outputs. Same is the case with Conaty’s advice where employees who feel unsatisfied with performance appraisal system may not commit themselves to working for the company. Yes, because employee recognition is a way of making the workers believe that the organisation values their efforts and recognises them as being instrumental to the success and achievements colleagues (Hall, Stammerjohan & Cermignano, 2011). In this case, acknowledging the employees who have survived layoff encourages them to put more effort in their work thus they will show dedication and commitment in undertaking the job tasks. On the other hand, employee recognition at the personal level is a way of establishing close relationships with the workers. In this regard, recognising efforts and dedication by using encouraging words and statements motivates employees more than the financial rewards. After the some employees have been dismissed from their

Public University Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public University Analysis - Essay Example The Commonwealth, and not the University, has the full duty of contributing to the plan. Significantly, the entire full-time faculty, particular managing staff, and the health care personnel involve themselves in the Faculty Discretional Retirement Plans. These are set-contribution strategies in which the retirement gains got are linked to the employer and employee aids (of which most of them are paid by the University), and the dividends and interest. Personal contracts provided the strategies for full-time faculty and given managing personnel provide for complete and instant entrusting of both the participant’s and University’s contributions (Sigo, 2014). The health care personnel’s employer aids completely entrust after a single year of employment. Full pension costs under the plans were about $36.3 million. Contributions to the Discretional Retirement Plans were aggregated by use of the base salaries of about $337.6. The input value amounted to 9.9%. Considering the Retirement Plans, it is definite that each and every stable full-time employee, as a rule of work, is an affiliate of both the State and Teachers’ Employees ‘Retirement Structure or the Discretionary Retirement Program. Fit workers can choose to participate in the Discretionary Retirement Program at the time of work, or else they get enrolled in the State and Teachers’ Employees’ Retirement Structure. The State and Teachers’ Employees’ Retirement Structure (TSERS) at the Virginia University comprise of a cost-sharing multiple-worker described benefit pension plan that is recognized by the State to give pension gains for workers of State, local boards of education and its component sections (Sigo, 2014). The TSERS is managed by around 14 members of Board of Trustees, with the Chairman of the Board being the State Treasurer. GASB proposed changes that were to affect the financial statements of institutions and

Southwest airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Southwest airline - Essay Example The aim of this strategy is to be a producer who maintains low costs in production compared to the competitors. It is also more applicable in a market that uses price as the deciding factor (Pearce &Robinson, 2014). The strategic managers of Southwest Airline use this strategy in a way that they strategically select the production and marketing methods that lead to a reduction in cost. They ensure that the airline uses lower cost carriers to control and reduce costs and to ensure that they operate at lower costs compared to the legacy carriers. With the low operation costs, Southwest Airline is able to maintain a large share of the market since it is able to provide efficient services at low costs. Efficient use of this strategy is enhanced by conducting a SWOT analysis that enables the firm to discover the strengths and weaknesses that it possesses as well as the opportunities and threats available in the market. The effectiveness of this strategy also is maintained if the firm is able to maintain the quality of services despite the reduction in cost (Pearce & Robinson,

IBM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IBM - Essay Example rless cars and the use of big data systems to understand and predict human behavior and human and other physical and social systems (Hewett et al., 1996; National Science Foundation, 2014; Sankar, 2012). At IBM the work on human-computer interaction is extensive and goes back through time, evidenced by the presence of academic and scientific studies dating back to at least the late 1990s with works such as those relating to determining the intention of humans to speak to computers in systems that are able to detect human language, for instance. The cues in this latter example are detected by computers not only through voice but also through visuals, indicating an ability on the part of the computer to interact with humans on the level of sight and voice (Cuetos and Neti, n.d.; Neti et al., n.d.). Elsewhere IBM makes use of other terms to discuss and evolve technologies that amount to variations of the same set of technologies related to HCI, and a standout term that IBM has come to u se of late is the term and concept of cognitive computing (IBM, 2015). An example of cognitive computing breakthroughs and projects that IBM has come to pursue of late is evolving the natural language processing capabilities of its computing systems, making use of Watson for instance as a model and a repository of what IBM has developed in this area. In Watson for instance, the test of effective HCI was its joining and winning a Jeopardy Challenge in the early part of 2011, besting some very tough human competition. This is an instance of HCI in IBM breaking ground to the extent that computing systems are able to match and surpass the cognitive capabilities of the most successful human contestants (IBM, 2015b). More pragmatic applications of HCI at IBM include using HCI advances to further the interaction between humans and business systems to improve productivity for instance, and to extend the advances to the management of systems of business IT (IBM, 2015c; Muller and Druin,

Organisational leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisational leadership - Essay Example This paper will discuss the different responsibilities of CEO’s and will seek to establish whether the CEO is influential in rallying organizational culture. The chief executive officer is the overall leader in an organization, and he is required to report to the board of governors. The CEO acts according to the will of the board of governors, and he implements their decisions and strategies. Since the CEO cannot manage the organization on a solo basis, he/she appoints other managers to whom he/she delegates roles and responsibilities (Hajdini, 2010, p. 39). The number and roles of subsequent managers depend on the organizational structure. The CEO is required to understand the goals of the organization and come up with ways of achieving the set goals. The CEO takes actions in place of the board of governors and he/she represents them in the daily operation of the business. The CEO is required to implement the decisions made by the board (Gitlow, 2004, p.87). He/she governs the organization on behalf of the board and therefore all decisions and strategies must be in line with what the board has decided. The CEO is entrusted with the responsibility of creating philosophies in the organization (Hajdini, 2010, p. 22). The philosophies created should be mission oriented and should favor the employees and the management. Most CEO’s have better academic qualification that members of the board and are the responsibility of designing strategies to accomplish the organizational goals. The CEO is the liaison between the board and the employees and therefore he/she ensures that the two groups linkup well. He/she acts as the link tool through communication between the two groups. The CEO understands the organization better than the board and hence is trusted on advising and informing them. The CEO oversees all the departments and liaises with the department heads to ensure that each

Health Care Utilization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Care Utilization - Assignment Example Majorly, healthcare reforms have expanded access and made many people access affordable healthcare and health insurance (Gulliford & Morgan, 2013). Surveys from experts charged with seeking people’s opinions as to whether reforms have made access of healthcare easier suggest that most people agree that health reforms have been successful. For instance, they cite novel healthcare laws, and new healthcare insurance measures as some of the significant gains. After about a year of endless debates, meetings and workshops, speeches and votes, the New York Times (April 5, 2010) reported that Congress passed into law major health reform laws (Gulliford & Morgan, 2013). 89 % of healthcare leaders as well as health policy makers believe the novel reform laws will expand access to healthcare and make health insurance affordable to a significant number of Americans. Many opinion leaders support the recent Modern Health Care Opinion/Commonwealth Fund. This can only mean that healthcare reforms have been immensely successful (Gulliford & Morgan, 2013). What is more, opinion leaders support numerous healthcare policy legislation aimed at reducing the bottlenecks affecting efficient delivery of healthcare services. Subsidies advocated for through the health reforms allow many people to access healthcare and insurance cover. Concisely, the reforms improved service delivery. The New York Times reports that 90% of the population can access cheap insurance cover; 88% give priority for healthcare reforms; 80% support innovation, which makes access to a patient’s background information easier. Healthcare providers and Medicare enhancers are more accountable (Gulliford & Morgan, 2013). Changes in utilization of healthcare mean that the United States now joins other industrialized countries with efficient healthcare systems that make access to health care essential. The new laws brought about

The critical thinking Essay Example for Free

The critical thinking Essay With the intention to test the critical thinking ability of the people, the focus will be to ensure that everybody who took part in the test understood it. This allows all respondents to answer the questions based on how they are able to interpret what they have read. Nelson’s use of a write up gives an opportunity for each respondent to analyze the passage, understand it and respond to it. This supports Facione, Facione and Giancarlo’s measurement of reliability by the use of paper and pencil method to conduct the test (2000). Also, the use of elementary vocabulary gives a large number of people the opportunity to participate in this test at the same time. A content-related validity clearly shows in its result. According to Facione et al, there are no restrictions to the content on which the test can be based, (2000), the focus therefore, will be on the items that are used in the test. In this test, Nelson was able to develop thirty two (32) items with which he conducted the test. Based on the fact that Nelson wanted a wide range of people to understand the test and also respond appropriately, he used basic vocabularies. This, in essence, made it possible for people to be tested, not according to their language skills but according to their critical thinking ability. Hence, the criterion-related validity is established. In the use of a 32 multi-choice questions wherein there are more than one correct answers, Nelson gave respondents the opportunity to think outside the norm. The implication of this is that each respondent has to be certain about the answers. The comparison of different tests does not have a direct correlation with the content of the test because the items in consideration were not detailed. Detailed information of the items in consideration could have given the test comparison a more valid result. REFERENCES Facione, Peter A. , Santa Clara University; Facione, Noreen C. , University of California San Francisco; Giancarlo, Carol A. , Santa Clara University. (2000). The Disposition Toward Critical Thinking: Its Character, Measurement, and Relationship to Critical Thinking Skill. Informal Logic, 20(1), 61-84