The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 12

Failing Like Dimmesdale DidMaybe Puritans were simply dumber than modern people, notwithstanding I cannot believe how long it in additionk those seventeenth-century Bostonians to figure out that their spiritual leader knocked up the local hussy. I had the mystery solved in chapter eight, when Hester turns to Dimmesdale and says, Speak honey oil for me I know we were assigned Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter back in high initiate, and if I had known the book was filled with so frequently sex and espionage, I might expect read it when I was sixteen. God, I cant wait to ask Nikki if she hypes up the racy stuff in her class, because I know teenagers would actually read the book if she did.I didnt care more than for Dimmesdale, because he had such a great woman and he denied himself a life with her. Now, I understand that it would not have been easy for him to rationalise how he knocked up another mans teenage wife, especially since he was a man of the cloth, but if theres one theme Hawthorne hammers home, its that time heals all wounds, which Dimmesdale learns, but too late. Plus, Im thinking God would have wanted Pearl to have had a father, and probably counted Dimmesdales disregard for his daughter as a greater sin than having sex with another mans wife. Now, I sympathize with Chillingworth a lot. I mean, he s peculiaritys his young bride over to the New World, trying to give her a better life, and she ends up pregnant by another man, which is the ultimate thunder in the face, right? But he was so old and pissed and really had no business marrying a young girl anyway. When he began to psychologically torture Dimmesdale, giving him all those strange roots and herbs, Chillingworth reminded me of Dr. Timbers and his staff. I realized then that Chillingworth was not ever going to practice world benignant, so I gave up hope for him.But I abruptly loved Hester, because she believed in silver linings. Even when that nasty throng of bewhiskered men in hats an d fat women were against her, saying she should be branded on the forehead even, she stuck to her guns and sewed and helped people when she could and tried her best to raise her daughter even when Pearl proved to be somewhat of a blame child.Even though Hester did not get to be with Dimmesdale in the end which is a flaw, if you ask me I felt like she lived a effectuate life and got to see her daughter grow up and marry well, which was kind of nice.But I did realize that no one really apprehended Hester for who she was until it was too late. When she needed help most, she was abandoned and only when she offered help to others was she beloved. This mien of suggests that it is important to appreciate the good women in your life before it is too late, which is a pretty good message to give high school kids. I wish my high school teacher had taught me that lesson, because I sure as shooting would have treated Nikki differently when we were first married. Then again, maybe this i s the multifariousness of thing you have to learn by living your life flunk like Dimmesdale did, and I guess like I did too.That scene when Dimmesdale and Hester finally stand together in town for the first time make me wish apart time was over already so I could stand with Nikki in some public place and apologize for macrocosm such a jerk in the past. Then I would narrate her my thoughts about Hawthornes classic, which would make her happy for sure. God, she is going to be so affect that I actually read a book written in old-fashioned English.

Advantages and Disadvantages to Society Essay

universe have become so dependent on galvanicity and auberges evolution to a great extent has been based on it. In the absence of comfortables, computers, most methods of transportation and communication, the last hundred eld of advancement could be set back. With these things considered, galvanizing energy could cl archeozoic be regarded as mans greatest discovery. However, in as much as electricity has played a major role in the get along of humankind, it has also contributed widely into the sluggish destruction of society. Therefore, electricity has both an expedient and disadvantageous effects on society. electricity is an invisible form of vigor created by the movement of charged particles, a phenomenon that is a result of the introduction of electrical charge. It flows into our homes along wires and can be easily converted into new(prenominal) capacity forms, such as heat and light. It can be stored in batteries or sent along wires to make electric trains, comput ers, light bulbs and different devices study. The comprehension of electricity has directed to the contrivance of generators, computers and nuclear-energy systems, X-ray devices, motors, telephones, radio and television. (Grolier cyclopaedia of Knowledge, 2002)Everything in the world, including humans and the air they breathe, is made of atoms. Each of these tiny particles has a positively charged center, named as nucleus, with sm eitherer, negatively charged electrons whizzing around it. Electricity is created when one of the electrons jump to a nonher atom. This can be caused by the magnetic celestial orbit in a generator, by chemicals in a battery, or by friction (rubbing materials together). Early History The break by means of discovery that an electric charge could be created by rubbing two materials together was low gear made by the classic Philosopher Thales around 600 BC.He found that if he rubbed the fossilized tree sap, amber, with silk, it attracted small light ob jects such as feathers and dust. However, the inaugural realistic device for the generation of electrical energy was not invented until 1800 when the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta constructed the firstly crude battery. For centuries, this strange, puzzling property was thought to be hold to amber. Two thousand social classs latishr, in the 16th century, William Gilbert provided state that many other substances are electric.He gave these substances the Latin name electrica, originating from the Greek word elektron (which means amber). According to the 2008 Encyclopedia Americana, the word magnet, comes from the Greek name for the black stones from Magnesia in Asia Minor. Sir Thomas Browne, an English author and physician, first used the word electricity in 1646. Relationships between electricity and magnetism were devised in 1820 by the Danish physicist H. C. Oersted and the French physicist D. F. J. Arago from studies of the effects of a current-carrying conductor on a c ompass needle or compress filings.That same year, the French physicist Andre Ampere showed that an electric current flowing through a wire created a magnetic field similar to that of a permanent magnet. In 1831, the English physicist Michael Faraday conceived a device for converting mechanical energy to electrical energy. Faradays machine, the first dynamo (DC generator), was made up of a bull disk rotating between the poles of a permanent magnet. A year later, Hippolyte Pixii of France, make both an AC generator and a DC generator, the latter being fitted with a commutator.Such primeval generators were widely used for experimental purposes. Nonetheless, they could not generate a great deal of major power because the field effectivity of their permanent magnets was slight. In 1866, the German finder Werner von Siemens initiated the use of electromagnets quite of permanent magnets for the field poles of a DC generator. In 1870, the Belgian inventor Zenobe Gramme further impro ved the performance of DC generators by utilise armatures of iron wound with rings of insulated copper wire.Powered by counteracting steam engines, Grammes generators were used to supply current for arc lamps in lighthouses and factories. Electric arc street lamps were installed in Paris in 1879, in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1879, and in New York City in 1880. However, the carbon chain incandescent lamp invented by Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan in 1880 provided a further better and more suitable source of light than arc lamps did. This invention created a great demand for electric power as it attach the beginning of the electric power industry.Electricity was a mystifying force. It did not seem to occur naturally at initial appearance, except in the frightening form of lightning. Researchers had to do an atypical thing to study electricity they had to manufacture the phenomenon before they could analyze it. We have come to realize that electricity is everywhere and that all matter is electrical in nature. Many innovators in the study of magnetism and electricity become known between the late 1700s and the early 1800s, many of whom left their names on several electrical units.These scientists include Charles Augustin de Coulomb (the unit of charge), Andre Ampere (current), George Ohm (resistance), pack Watt (electrical power), and James Joule (energy). Luigi Galvani gave us the galvanometer, a device for measuring currents, while Alessandro Volta gave us the volt, a unit of potential, or electromotive force. Similarly C. F. Gauss, Hans Christian Oersted, and W. E. Weber all made their mark and established their names on electrical engineering. further Benjamin Franklin failed to leave his name on any electrical unit, condescension his noteworthy contributions. All of the afore-mentioned scientists contributed to the study of electricity. However, the two real giants in the field were nineteenth century Englishmen, Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. The wi despread use of electricity as a source of power is largely due to the fit of pioneering American engineers and inventors such as Nikola Tesla, and Charles Proteus Steinmetz during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2002).One of the most well-known perchance is Thomas Alva Edison, most famous for his development of the first commercially possible incandescent lamp. He was one of the most prolific inventors of the late 19th century and his greatest contribution is the development of the worlds first central-electric-light-power-station. By the time he died in West Orange, New Jersey, he had patented over 1000 inventions. (Jenkins, R. 2000) II. BODY Electrical activity takes mystify constantly everywhere in the universe. Electrical forces hold molecules together.The nervous systems of animals work by way of weak electric signals transmitted between pump cells called neurons. Electricity is generated, transmitted, and converted into other f orms of energy such as heat, light and motion through natural processes, as well as by devices built by people. Over the period from 1950 to 1999, the most recent year for which data are available, annual world electric power mathematical product and consumption rose from slightly less than 1,000 meg kilowatt hours to 14,028 billion kwh. A change also took place in the type of power generation.In 1950, about 2/3 of the electricity came from thermal or steam-generating sources and about 1/3 from hydroelectric sources. In 1998, thermal sources produced lxiii portion of the power, but hydropower had declined to nineteen portion, and nuclear power accounted for seventeen percent of the total. The growth in nuclear power slowed in some countries, markedly the United States, in reaction to concerns about safety. Nuclear plants generated twenty percent of U. S. electricity in 1999 in France, the world leader, the figure was 76 percent.

Assessment of initial launch into China Essay

Please watch the video case of Michels patisserie and attend to the following question in written format (also prepare the answers to former(a) questions listed on the tutorial agenda for tutorial discussion) What is your assessment of Michels sign launch into China? What would you have d peerless differently?China has a tea-drinking culture, and tea has dominated for centuries. The coffee berry consumption in China is relatively low and although the coffee consumption is growing in some picky cities in China e.g. Shanghai and Beijing. The coffee market giant such as Starbucks has already had 500 shops in China and Chinese heap are more attracted by the Starbucks image and experience than to the coffee itself. Michels may face the difficulties when operating in Chin in China. First, the spot source of competitive advantage of Michels is about its successful franchising dodging, which watchful in a central bakery and then delivered to the franchisees stores and therefore franchisees need only minimal preparations to start their business. However, this competitive advantage may blur be run of the issues of logistic and bakery set up (localized central bakery). If Michels could not deal with those issues, which comprised with their competitive advantage, results in less attractive and lucrative of the brand.Therefore, it is hard to Michels to maintain its competitive advantages to compete with other coffee giants in this case- Starbucks, which has invested heavily in the brand development as one of the key competitive advantage in China. In addition, the franchise system in China is not mature the local managers dont have much managerial skill to understand the franchise concept, and very much they might do what they want to regardless the franchise agreement, which may cause the inconsistent brand image and operations between home and legions country. Before Michels initial launch into China they should had a more depth understanding of the Chines e coffee market. In the current case, the Chinese franchisee mentioned that the taste of Australian cakes is too sweet for Shanghai people and the side menu is difficult for local customer. All this kind of question outhouse be solved by pre market research. Marketing plans are purify to be consistent Michels changed their franchise system and some market plans.

Religion and Dance Essay

Do you see all similarities between the rituals of crude societies and rituals that we have in at onces society? Society today does use dance in religious ceremonies or occasions merely not necessarily in a ritualistic form that foregoing primitive societies would use per say. However, dance in both today and then(prenominal) societies used basic, everyday motions and movements to form dances, where some of these dance practices atomic number 18 clam up used even today. How might integritys moral, religious and honorable values influence their thoughts and opinions on art? Discuss specific examples in relation to the question.Some religions might view dance as indiscriminate or offensive with mere basic body movements such as a hip sway or that of similar movements. For example, most flock generally view a traditional form of dance, the belly dance, in the Islamic culture as sexual yet that is not the doctor purpose of it whatsoever. Even in todays society, people are awa re that the image of sex is everywhere and can even be seen in the modern day dance culture. Regardless of a mortals religious background, values, or beliefs, anyone can decide on what they exact to be art.All of these factors can influence ones ratiocination on what art is to them. Can you think of any works of art, in addition to the ones mentioned, that were not readily accepted by the society in which they were created, but held in high regards years later? John singer Sargents Madame Pierre Gautreau, created in 1884, caused a huge uproar over the reddish pink color used on the womans ear lobe. At the time, it was considered far too suggestive and supposedly razing the reputation of high-society. What do you think is meant by the final disputation an listenings response to a dance says as much virtually the audience as it does the dance, and do you agree or disagree with this statement?The statement basically says that the way an audience reacts to a dance explains and gi ves a representation of their interpretation of the piece. Meaning both as individuals and as a whole audience. I personally agree with the statement, mainly because it is true. The viewers are just as important as the dance itself because they are the ones that give meaning to a dance or any work of art for that matter.

Wal Mart

What are the likely set up of computerized computer programming on employee morale? The first one is that this gives much flexibility to the stash away managers. They burn now work to a greater extent effectively because the system favours productiveness and customer satisfaction. Therefore from a managerial halt of view, managers are more(prenominal) satisfied with the new system. However, the system generates a enrolment that gives more flexibility to actors but less pay checks. Indeed, the workers are no more shelter because their working schedule can fluctuate at any time. Therefore, joke insecurity incr sculptural reliefs and the worker can non feel at ease because he cannot excogitation his week.Besides, the irregular working hours put the workers in more difficulty in their accessible life. Moreover, the system gives opportunities for the managers not to give overtime or full-time engrosss to the workers. These ones get disclose be tensed because they ald epression for need more working hours in other to put cover on the circumvent in their households. We can assume that Wal-Mart, being the caller-out that gives the scurvyest wage rate in the US, multitude that work for this fraternity need property in order to survive in society. So this system turns out to be not at all honest morally for the employees.Finally, we can assert that this system gives more power to the managers to paint a picture employees who do not fit into the computerized system. Therefore, the level of employee satisfaction goes down. What are the backwashs of these effects for Wal-Mart? The first solvent of this effect is that it gives very bad publicity to Wal-Mart. Indeed, Wal-Mart was cognise to be the community that gives the lowest wage rate in the US. Moreover, from a complaisant layer a view, it was observed that the workers were mainly people from the low class and were from Hispanic origin.So before the new computerized system, Wal-Mart wa s not a noteworthy caller-up for its cordial ways of doing. Now, people will know that the high society has given sluice more insecurity to its threepenny labour. The second consequence is that the company might have more difficulties to find workers because people will know that the line of reasoning insecurity has increased. For instance, a company like Walt Disney too gives a low level of wages but the firm gives social benefits (medical aid and social security). This company will therefore be more attractive although it has a computerized system to schedule the workers hours.Therefore, Wal-Mart will have hawkish disadvantages to find cheap labour because they do not consider the workers situation of view The last consequence is that from a intelligent point of view, the company has been criticized. Indeed, the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 says that workers cannot be used as an article of commerce. Therefore, people are now saying that the company is employ its work ers as objects. This goes against mankind rights and it gives an awful image to the firm. This gives a lack of credibleness to the company and put down to its shareholders.Wal MartWhat are the potential effects of computerized scheduling on employee morale? The first one is that this gives more flexibility to the store managers. They can now work more effectively because the system favours productivity and customer satisfaction. Therefore from a managerial point of view, managers are more satisfied with the new system. However, the system generates a schedule that gives more flexibility to workers but less pay checks. Indeed, the workers are no more stable because their working schedule can fluctuate at any time. Therefore, job insecurity increases and the worker cannot feel at ease because he cannot plan his week.Besides, the irregular working hours put the workers in more difficulty in their social life. Moreover, the system gives opportunities for the managers not to give over time or full-time wages to the workers. These ones will be tensed because they will need more working hours in other to put bread on the table in their households. We can assume that Wal-Mart, being the company that gives the lowest wage rate in the US, people that work for this company need money in order to survive in society. So this system turns out to be not at all beneficial morally for the employees.Finally, we can assert that this system gives more power to the managers to fire employees who do not fit into the computerized system. Therefore, the level of employee satisfaction goes down. What are the consequences of these effects for Wal-Mart? The first consequence of this effect is that it gives very bad publicity to Wal-Mart. Indeed, Wal-Mart was known to be the company that gives the lowest wage rate in the US. Moreover, from a social point a view, it was observed that the workers were mainly people from the low class and were from Hispanic origin.So before the new comput erized system, Wal-Mart was not a renowned company for its social ways of doing. Now, people will know that the company has given even more insecurity to its cheap labour. The second consequence is that the company might have more difficulties to find workers because people will know that the job insecurity has increased. For instance, a company like Walt Disney also gives a low level of wages but the firm gives social benefits (medical aid and social security). This company will therefore be more attractive although it has a computerized system to schedule the workers hours.Therefore, Wal-Mart will have competitive disadvantages to find cheap labour because they do not consider the workers point of view The last consequence is that from a legal point of view, the company has been criticized. Indeed, the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 says that workers cannot be used as an article of commerce. Therefore, people are now saying that the company is using its workers as objects. This goe s against Human rights and it gives an awful image to the firm. This gives a lack of credibility to the company and shame to its shareholders.

History of bootlegging Essay

1. Background on Bootlegging It has been said that at its real level practice of medicine belongs to every unrivalled. To claim self-possession over medicine has been the subject of much analysis since medicinal drug, after all, is available to each individualist through and through our sense of hearing. Maintaining control or possession of our music is non as clear cut as meting out our rights to our land or property. To listen to a song some peerless else has written, for instance, does not necessarily stool stealing or trespassing on someone elses property.The exceed way to ensure our right and title over our musical creations is to bugger off a procure over the authoritative piece. Yet it is not anomalous for a listener or a music lover or fan to scan a favorite song or a p fine articularly memorable concert attended. People record songs, concerts, and videos and keep much(prenominal) records for individualised use, or make copies thereof to give to their friends. Songs and videos atomic number 18 in any case easily downloaded from the Internet. Fans overly record different songs and performances, from different albums or concerts, into one CD or online play list to make their own personal collection.The problem is when much(prenominal) recordings are distributed and sold for profit without the operative and the record companys consent. Generally, procure violations involving musical creations whitethorn be tell apart into tether different types 1) professional counterfeit recordings ( unlicenced extra of sound and art lay down) 2) professional pirate recordings (unauthorized duplication of the sound, but with original art work, commonly sold as greatest hits compilations 3) bootleg recordings (unauthorized recording of live performances)Bootlegging, as it was traditionally defined, involves the illegal distribution or production of liquor and anformer(a)(prenominal) highly taxed goods In the 1920s, the United States had a Proh ibition against alcohol, thus volume resorted to bootlegging, or buying and selling an illegal product, from bootleggers. Organized crime consisting of gangs and mobsters in Chicago and New York, such as Al Capone, were deeply twisty in bootlegging. In the music industry, music bootlegging involves the taking and barter of unauthorized live recordings of live musical performers either from concert or studio outtakes.Bootleg music albums are recordings transferred from tape to vinyl or CD. They become a bootleg product when a bootlegger undertakes to execute an artifact or when a non- moneymaking(prenominal) recording is transformed into a commercial-grade product in the form of an LP or a CD. Bootleg recordings are usually done without the artists consent however, making a recording of a concert is not illegal per se. Although an individual cannot lawfully record an officially release CD or cassette tape on to a blank tape, he or she may make an unauthorized recording of a concert and keep it for personal use. However, the sale of such a recording is deemed illegal.The problems with bootlegging is that it pr veritable(a)ts the artist and the record company from maintaining timber control over their product , and it prevents them from collecting their royalties to their right to their music.2. Changes in copyright Laws right of first normalation is defined as a form of nurseion provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U. S. Code) to the authors of original works of authorship . The U. S. has passed significant copyright laws to protect an artists right to his or her original creations. These creations include not only musical works, but literary, dramatic, artistic and certain intellectual creations.The U. S. geological formation itself provides that the Congress shall have power to promote the progress of science and helpful arts, by securing for control times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective books a nd discoveries. The State thus allows Congress to pass copyright laws to protect an artists rights to his or her musical creations. The U. S. secure Act was amended in 1976 so that it now covers new technological advancements and extended the term of safeguard to cover the life of the author plus 70 more years.Copyright laws allow the author, artist, or whoever holds the copyright to a creation to sue those who negate on their copyrights for damages. The complainant has to prove irreverence of copyright by a) proving ownership of the copyright and b) copying by the infringer-defendant. In compliance with its Constitutional decree of protecting original works of authorship, the Congress has passed several laws concerning music copyright infringement, plagiarism and bootlegging. Some of the relevant laws will be discussed in this section. The audio recording recording Home Recording Act allows music retailers to sell all elongate and digital recording formats.It overly give s a consumer the right to use such recordings provided such use is for non-commercial purposes, and in such cases, no copyright infringement lawsuit may be brought against a consumer. The consumer and retailer is also salvage from making royalty payments on digital audio recording devices and media the impression falls on U. S. manufacturers and importers only who must pay for digital audio devices designed or marketed primarily for making digital audio recordings for hidden use, whether or not these are incorporated in some other device.These royalty payments are administered and monitored by the U. S. Register of Copyrights and the Librarian of Congress, with the proceeds differentiate between the featured artists and the record company, or between the songwriters and music publishers, depending on the circumstances. Musical artists or musicians thus receive royalties which are based on record sales and airplay during a prescribed period. The U. S. is also a signatory of both the World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright accordance and the Performances and Phonograms Treaty.In accordance with these international agreements, the U. S.Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act which makes it a crime to a crime to circumvent anti-piracy measures strengthened into many of todays commercial software and even roughly music CDs. The Act also limits the copyright infringement liability of ISPs for transmission information over the Internet, but requires that ISPs remove copyright infringement actuals appoint in users web sites.Despite legislative acts and proposed bills by well implication members of the U. S. Congress, and jurisprudence laid down by the U. S. Supreme Court, infringers still uprise a way of getting around copyright laws by invoking the exquisite use doctrine. The U.S. Code provides that the public is entitled to the fair use of procure satisfying. Fair use is a privilege to use copyrighted material in a reasonable manner without consent, notwithstanding the copyright monopoly given to the owner. A copyrighted original creation may be catd for purposes of criticism, news program reporting, comment, teaching, scholarship and research.The Code further provides that there are four factors in determining whether there is fair use of a copyrighted material or not 1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes ) the nature of the copyrighted work itself 3) the proportion and substantiality of the copyrighted work actually used without part 4) the potential economic detriment on the value of the work caused by such unauthorized use thereof. What makes it especially unenviable to enforce the copyright is that information is so readily available through the Internet. As music is downloaded courtesy of digital technology, consumers are turning to the Internet to get their music rather than going out to music st ores to buy the CDs. Bootlegged albums are also easily transmitted and characterd through the Internet.Digital technology allows consumer to reproduce identical copies of digital music files, most commonly in compressing formats such as MP3s. Such digital advancements not only pave the way for more widespread bootlegging, but for music piracy as well.3. Advancements in Piracy Technology File Sharing Piracy, as introductory discussed, is differentiated from bootlegging in that the former involve the unauthorized duplication of the sound, but with original art work. Piracy involves the reproduction and distribution of copies of original recordings. Advancements in digital technology have allowed music piracy to direct at an alarming rate.MP3s enable consumers to compress digitized music into smaller files, term ripping software allows them to copy music from CDs, store these on their sturdy drives, and then convert these files into compressed formats. Digital file reproduction d evices, corresponding CD players, in turn allow consumers to write these files into a CD and in effect create their own albums and compilations of copyrighted creations. Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have also allowed increased music dissemination, as well as file sharing, as introduced by the infamous Napster software company.P2P networks basically offer users to access the securely drives of other users anywhere in the world by the installation of a piece of software. These networks allow users to search, copy and transfer music files typically through MP3 files. After Napster, subsequent P2P networks version, like KaZaA and Grokstar, which are collectively known as the FastTrack providers, allow users to access multiple individual computers instead of accessing just one single, centralized database of music files.The digital audio workstation (DAW) on the other hand, allows users to frustrate in sampling original music recordings, converted from analog to digital format, which users can import, cut, copy, layer and manipulate to create new musical work. Since samples may be in a bands entire song, or merely passages from an instrument, in effect it allows not just users but even musicians and DJs to create, layer, expand and redefine music. Recording companies have resorted to copy-protection technology to protect themselves from piracy committed through file sharing and P2P networks.Copy-protected CDs is one answer, but public backlash and concerns about the technologys effectiveness, have forced recording companies to limit use of such CDs in the U. S. and instead opted to release such CDs abroad in Europe and countries such as Japan. Five major recording companies in the U. S. use copy-protected CDs BMG Entertainment, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, EMI, and Sony. BMG in particular has made us of copy-protection advancements such the MediaMax CD-3 technology from SunnComm Technologies, Inc. located in Phoenix, Arizona. Through MediaMax CD-3 , each song is written onto a CD twice. mavin format is readable by standard CD players while the other format is readable as a Windows media file playable on a computer. The technology allows consumers of BMG records to burn each track only three times per computer. The songs in BMG albums embedded with the MediaMax CD-3 technology may also be emailed to a limited number of people. However, each person in that limited list may only listen to ten times to each song in the album. In other words, songs in such CDs are locked and wont be played even if they are downloaded from file-sharing networks if it exceeds the deductible number of times a person may listen to the track. another(prenominal) developments are even more rigid. The CDS-300 developed by Macrovision, located in Santa Clara, California, allows CDs to be burnt and listened to online, but blocks other attempts to make copies or share music online. Recording companies thus are faced with a difficult balancing act. On the o ne hand, there is the need to respect a consumers desire to share, copy and hear songs in different ways. only if on the other hand, there is the copyright to take note of and the git line earning revenues through royalties by limiting the number of copies consumers make of copyrighted musical creations.

Performance Development Plan

IntroductionThis victimisation plan willing reduce on the characteristics of my involveing squad as comfortably as my personal characteristics as their leader. This plan will pull up s issuances me to assess the regards of my admiting team as well as the ability to hone in on their strengths, aras for improvement, and resources needed to assistance them piddle their c beer goals. This development plan will also spare me to check into how my leadinghip style will impact the success of the team and deliver me the ability to adapt to diametric behavioral styles by reviewing from each one individualistic DISC Platinum Rule behavioural way of life Assessment. Personal and unmarried Team CharacteristicsPersonal Characteristics found on the DISC Platinum Rule Behavioral way of life Assessment that both my learning team and I completed, we fall into iii major categories Interactive, office, and lastly Cautious sprints. In my personal legal opinion I was categoriz ed primarily as Interactive in style and traits. Based on this knowledge my primary style involves persuading, motivating, and entertaining some others whereas the mind states my return areas include attention to detail, short attention span, and low follow-through. The main concentrate on or priority for me is mass and being interactive, busy, and personal in the employment setting.Individual Team CharacteristicsTwo of the team members, besides me, were also characterized as Interactive The Impresser. round additional characteristics in this category include abstracted to achieve results with flair, mind people by their ability to make things happen, organiseing harder when bigger risks or rewards are at stake, prefer to share in toy and goals with people, wanting to do things the best way, and travel restless, short-tempered, lashing out when under pressure.Two team members had the Dominance style traits which include individuals being time-sensitive, organized, and to the point. The Dominance modal value is impelled by two governing needs the need to control and the need to achieve. The D Styles are goal-oriented go-getters who are most comfortable when they are in weigh down of people and situations. They want to accomplish many things now, so they focus on no-nonsense preliminaryes to bottom-line results.The Dominance Styles seek expedience and are not afraid to bend the rules. They figure it is easier to beg forgiveness than to ask permission. The D Styles accept challenges, take authority, and plunge headfirst into solving problems. They take charge in a crisis. They are fast- ill-used, task-oriented, and work quickly and impressively by themselves, which means they become annoyed with delays. They are willing to challenge overage thinking and ideas.Lastly, one team member had the Cautious Style traits which include analytical, persistent, systematic people who enjoy problem solving. They are detail-oriented, which makes them to a grea ter extent refer with content than style. The C Styles are task-oriented people who enjoy perfecting processes and working toward manifest results. They are almost always in control of their emotions and may become uncomfortable around people who are very out-going, e. g. , the Interactive Styles. Strengths and harvest-time Opportunities of Behavioral Styles StrengthsInteractive Style leading primary strengths are their enthusiasm, persuasiveness, and sociability. Dominance Style leaders primary strengths are accepting challenge, ability to take authority, and go head first into solving problems. They moderate an ability to get things make and their decision making skills are very high. Cautious Style leaders primary strengths are their accuracy, dependability, independence, follow-through and organization.Growth OpportunitiesGrowth Opportunities for the Interactive Style of Behavior are broken into two categories with tasks and with people. Interactive Styles extend to under estimate the time and apparent motion required by themselves or others to accomplish tasks. They also tend to be impatient, primarily when they are stressed or under pressure. Growth opportunities for the Dominance Style of Behavior include being broadening their perspectives.They need to learn to be effective outside of their comfort zone by believeing different points of view and other ways to achieve their goals. Growth opportunities for the Cautious Style of Behavior include being more attentive to details and well-timed follow-through. Curiosity of these leaders may lead to digressions while at work. These leaders are found to be intense by nature and tend to be impatient with themselves and others, especially when things arent going well.Development Plan for Each Behavioral StyleDevelopment Plans for the Team based on Behavioral StyleInteractive Style Development PlanIn regularise for Interactive Style leaders to be undefeated they need to be more selective about tasks t hat they take on and not be afraid or hesitate to ask others for help. When dealing with others they need to learn how to relax and enjoy regular recreation to ensure that they can wangle their reactions in a proper manner to stress. Delegating tasks instead of victorious everything on, asking for assistance on projects while coaching staff, will accommodate them to grow in their organizations, while still feeling like they are in the know.Not only will this take and them to focus on other opportunities they are developing their staff. In order to be successful in the work environment they need to prioritize, organize, see tasks through completion, and write things down. As their leader, I will show them that I admire their hard work and accomplishments, support their feelings when possible, interact with them, support their ideas and show them my positive side. Being that I am an Interactive Style leader this will come naturally to me in dealing with other leaders of this styl e in my group.Dominance Style Development PlanIn order for these leaders to be successful they need to consider viewpoints of others and look outside the box for other ways to achieve goals. These leaders would benefit from being flexible in their decisions and this would help them solve problems more creatively. This not only allows for the leader to grow, but also develops more trust in the associates they are leading. As their leader I can bear precise data on projects that they are working on, allow them to work independently and do things within their limits, look for opportunities to modify their work-load focus, and allow them to take the lead.Being that both this style and the Interactive style both preferring faster pace we will get along well with pacing the workflows. Cautious Style Development Plan For Cautious Style leaders to be successful they need to learn to pace themselves. Taking time-outs during the workday may help allay their natural intensity. They need to re main positive when dealing with situations and people under pressure. If they are able to control their thoughts and emotions in such cases, therefore they can use their creativity to discover workable solutions.These leaders will benefit from staying focused on key priorities, sorting out tasks, draught expectations for associates, and allow others to take control of projects. This will not only allow the leader to balance their growth opportunities but will also allow their associates to gain more trust in the leader. As their leader, when I approach them for questions or projects I will ask them in a acquit manner, show reasoning, provide explanations in writing, compliment them on their thoroughness, and ask tactfully how I may assist them if needed.ConclusionIn conclusion, after reviewing each individual assessment of my learning group as well as my personal assessment through the DISC Platinum Rule Behavioral Style Assessment, I have been able to review how each Style has t heir own strengths and weaknesses, and how to take a shit a professional performance plan on helping each team member to be successful in their organization. The assessment has allowed me to have a better understanding of different behavioral characteristics as well as my own personal traits, strengths, and weakness. This will give each of us the ability to balance, adapt, and grow in our roles within our organizations.

Interpersonal, Group and Collective Behavior Dynamics Essay

Enron is a corporation that is cheekd with monetary instability just now continues to run on suspicious dealings including misrepresenting their true monetary position (Cohan, 2002). This is done to save the state-supported image of the confederacy hence avoiding the risk of losing investors. American International throng (AIG) is in any skid in a serious financial crisis following reasons of mismanagement (FRB, 2009). We shall make a comparison of the host dynamics and internal political relation within these two companies. The companies exhibited an element of discipline blockage.This is holding back perverse news from the earth until the last possible moment. This is usually a reflect piece with the aim of maintaining a good public image. It is however followed by lawsuits, hate mails or even death threats from unhappy investors. In Enrons case, the senior executives withheld any information ab come forward financial crisis from the public until it collapsed (Co han, 2002). AIG maintain a business as usual image in the public despite its liquidity issues (FRB, 2009).Motivation to lie or deliberately hide the truth in an organization was evident in the two companies. The somatic officeholders do not disclose the truth especially when this truth may put the play along into bankruptcy or cost them their jobs. In the case of Enron the lies were inform of hard data, lying about invoice results and a menses of earnings (Williamson, 1970). Questionable accounting practices were meant to hide huge losses that the association suffered. AIG had its sh atomic number 18 of deliberate lies when it valued its A-A and sub prime property at 1.7 twice the value used by Lehman. The issue of the dialog boxs oversight function and the business judgment rule is also fairly evident in the two companies he board of directors act as if they are entitled to rely on the honesty and rectitude of their accessorys until something wrong happens (Crag & Rebec ca, 1996) . The directors of Enron were totally unaware of the severity of the companys financial crisis until its collapse. A directors were too ignorant of the liquidity problem to the extend of supplying for a lavish retreat for themselves.The subordinate motorbuss have persuasive cheer in concealing the bad news. This is meant to avoid or delay individualized embarrassment and other associated risks such as the likelihood of a cost drop in its shares. In Enron, individual executives who decided to hide the in question(p) partnership feared erosion of status (Cohan, 2002). They felt that they needed to protect twain their self and external image. The same case was evident in AIG, where the subordinate managers saw the need for over costing their assets to redeem their image.overconfidence and optimism is displayed in the two companies by the senior executives especially in press releases. Overconfidence creates a strong image for any company in the eye of the public. Exec utives who are overconfident and optimistic are considered to be successful managers. This is because they are able to persuade and influence people even in the face of a crisis. The executives in Enron and AIG were also in the bid of making a name for themselves. Senior executives assured employees would continuously rise even in the event of financial instability in Enron.The chief executive police officer in AIG assured investors that they would still get their bonuses even as the company was being bailed out (FRB, 2009). Corporate civilisation cannot be ruled out in the management of the two companies. This refers to the norms of the company which are well cognise to the management and the subordinate employees. They supersede other business or ethical laws in case of a conflict. Cynism as a corporate close fosters the breaking of rules as a means to succeed. Ethical rules are nether enforced with the focus being to maximize lolly.The Enron and AIG were caught up in this cu lture when they faced a financial crisis. They misrepresented their debts and assets respectively in the companys sheet so as to reflect high profits and attract investors (Cohan, 2002). All this is done in total disregard for accounting ethics. Myopic information within the organization is also prevalent in the two companies. This might be due to our limited cognitive capabilities solely more so because the executives are too busy to deal with voluminous data. They prefer sifting this data and extracting only what is relevant.They may also be lacking the skill to analyze and understand the data as was the case of Enrons precedent chairman Mr. Kenneth Lay. The directors in AIG and Enron, focused on information that confirmed their prior attitudes of leading institutions in the market. They disregarded any Gram-negative information of possible collapse or liquidity issues. This is normally referred to as cognitive dissonance. It is usually difficult to change these beliefs as one is seen as a threat to the companys status quo. Ms. Watkins, an employee in Enron became such a threat by warning a senior manager of a possible collapse (Cohan, 2002).A chief executive officers proposal in AIG was ignored on the same origination (FRB, 2009). Intimidation of subordinate employees by the senior employees is prevalent in Enron but not in AIG. In Enron, investigations against Mr. Andrew a former chief financial officer and other senior officers who were involved in fraud cases did not happen since no one was confident enough to confront them (Cohan, 2002). In AIG the accounting scandal is thoroughly investigated and no one is spared including a former chairman of the board.REFERENCES Federal Reserve Bank. (2009). History and development of AIG. Retrieved May 26,2009, from http//www. federalbank. orf/ invoice/development. pdf Herbert, A. S. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. John, A. C. (2002). I didnt get along and I was only doing my job. Has corporate g overnance careened out of affirm? A case study of Enrons information myopia. Journal of course Ethics, 40 (3),275-299. Paul Z. & Janet A. (1997). The social influence of confidence in group decision making.

Are Our Lives Governed by Fate or Free Will Essay

Our lives are governed by free will. In the books Chinese Cinderella and Twisted the main characters use their free will to disembowel choices that have consequences on their lives.Chinese Cinderella, by Adeline Yen MahChinese Cinderella is a story of a Chinese girl growing up shanghai and Hong Kong in the 1940s.Adeline was made to feel that her birth was the reason her mother died. Her siblings deuced her and her father and stepmother had no interest in her. She spent most her puerility at boarding give lessonss. Although Adeline was sent to boarding school she still use her own free will to chose to study hard and excel in school. Adeline chose to continue to do well in school with the hope of gaining her kindles attention.Despite alone of the bad things that haped to Adeline she continued to strive to be the best in school. She chose to overstep her time reading and doing homework. She received some awards. She employ her free will to enter an international playwriting co ntest and she won. The issuance was that her name was published in the newfangledspaper and this got her fathers attention. Adeline used this as an opportunity to ask to go to college. Her father agreed. Although her father selected her charge as a doctor she was so happy to have the opportunity.Twisted, by Laurie Halse AndersonTyler used his free will to spray paint on the school property. There were consequences for his actions. He had to do community service to pay for the damage, he got a probation officer and got his license taken away.Tyler spent alot of time be the victim. His father blamed him for most of the bad things that happened. He let things happen to him until one day he realized he could take consider of his look. Tyler used his free will when he dropped out of the AP classes, started attending all of his classes, returned the stolen keys to the custodian and apologized for stealing them, stood up to Chip, spoke with his probation officer about the consequen ces of attending the party when he was on probation and stood up to father when he blamed Tyler for getting fired.The result of Tylers action to take control of these aspects of his life is it provides him with self-esteem. This new confidence gets rid of the bad thoughts he had (like killing himself).Tyler chose to spend his time playing a video second Tophet. The point of the game was to make his demon (Gormley) powerful enough to make it thru 66 levels of torment. In the end he succeeds and is given a choice to become the new lord of darkness or be reincarnated. He realizes the importance of choosing wisely.

Chemistry Design Prac Essay

Investigate hotshot chemistry cogitate factor on the deflection of the liquid liquify in the mien of a supercharged magnetic poleResearch questionHow go away the substance of time spent clash a glaze pole accept the angle of deflection of flux irrigate system in the presence of the charged scratch magnetic pole?Background ResearchStatic electricity is organise in soupcon with deuce objects, where one object gains electrons from another, resulting in one object having a substantiating charge while the other having a proscribe charge. Some materials tend to lose or gain electrons during contact with other objects. Materials with electrons bonded to it weakly, tend to lose electrons while materials with fewer electrons on the out shell tend to gain electrons. Therefore, when an object is imbalanced of a positive or negative charge, it has static electricity.Polarity is the separation of electric charges, caused when electrons be not equally shared in a molecule. Th is is caused when some atoms in the molecule have a higher electronegativity than others, causing more(prenominal) electrons to be attracted to it, leaving one side of the molecule more negative than the other. An element or molecule with an electro negativity value of 0.5+ is considered to be polar.When a polar liquid such as water is flowing in a presence of a charged rod, the liquid tend to winding towards the rod. This is because the rod depart both be positively or negatively charged, and the dipoles of the polar molecule pull up stakes be attracted to the charged rod. The charge on the rod is determined by the material which is used to rub against it, however, it does not matter whether the rod is positively or negatively charged because either way, the opposite dipoles of the polar molecule allow be attracted towards it, causing the flow of the liquid to bend towards the charged rod.Defining fissiparous and mutualist VariablesIndependentThe amount of time rubbing the glass rod with a morsel of silk. 10 seconds 20 seconds 30 seconds 40 seconds 50 seconds 60 secondsDependentThe angle of deflection of the flowing water pull up stakes be metric with power system paper with a smallest increment of 1mm. A field of operation will be drawn on the gridiron paper from the bode where the glass rod was rumps to the point where the water was deflected. A protractor with a smallest increment of 0.5 degrees will be used to calculate the angle of deflection of the water. manoeuverling Variables tabular array 1 Variables and Method of controlTypeVariableMethod of ControlControlledThe rate of the flow of waterAdjust the burette to deliver the smallest catamenia of water possible but without being discontinuous. The water will be kept flowing at the same rate, throughout the experimentation.The glass rodThe same glass rod with a diameter of 1cm will be used throughout the experiment.Pressure when rubbing the glass rod engagement the same person to rub t he glass rod against the silk, applying the same insistence every time.Placement of the glass rodA line will be marked on the grid paper so the glass rod will be placed at the exact point and the exact angle to the flowing water every time.Placement of the grid paperThe grid paper will be sticky annex to the burette and placed as close as possible to the flowing water. The same grid paper will be used and left-hand(a) at the same position throughout the experiment.Weather conditionsThe experiment will be conducted in a room with all windows closed and var. conditioning switched off to reduce effects atmospheric effects on the angle of deflection of the water.StopwatchThe one person will be using the same stopwatch every time to reduce self-opinionated errors.MaterialThe same member of silk cloth (20 cm in length, 15cm in width) will be used throughout the experimentThe experimentersThe same two people, (person with stopwatch and person controlling the glass rod) will conduct the experiment to keep random errors in measurements and readings consistent.Materials and Equipments List 50 mL buret 20cm x 15cm silk cloth 1cm diameter glass rod Distilled water two hundred mL Beaker A4 Grid paper with increments of 1mm Protractor with increments of 0.5 degrees Retort Stand clamp frame Ruler Sticky tape Stop watchMethod1. seize the clamp to the retort stand.2. Fill the burette with distilled water to approx 1cm from the top and attach it to the clamp3. Draw a straight line on the grid paper with a ruler and sticky tape it to the bottom of the burette, facing up the line on the paper exactly with the flow of the water coming out of the burette.4. Also Draw a line 90 degrees towards the line if the flowing water but stopping at 0.5 cm from the line. This line will be where the charged glass rod will be placed5. Also mark the parenthood (the tip of the burette, where the water comes out) on the grid paper6. Place the 200 mL beaker to a lower place the burette and let the water run down7. Start the horologe on the stopwatch and simultaneously, begin rubbing the glass rod against the piece of silk8. Stop the stop watch at 10 seconds and immediately place the charged rod as close as possible to the line drawn on the grid paper9. Mark the angle of deflection of the water on the grid paper10. Wait 1 delicate until the rod is completely uncharged11. Repeat steps 6 912. Repeat the experiment from steps 6 10, changing the time rubbing the glass rod against the silk cloth by 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds.13. consume the grid paper and line up all the points of the deflected water to the origin14. Measure the angles with a protractor and record the results into the table below15. Pack up the experimentTable 2 Raw data table clip charging the glass rodAngle of deflection of water trial 1Trial 2Trial 3Trial 4Trial 5Trial 6Average10 seconds20 seconds30 seconds40 seconds50 seconds60 secondsTable 3 Risks involved in the experiment and safety pre cautions to reduce the risksRiskSafety Precaution fulfill to takeThe burette is very long and is made of glass and back be broken easilyHold the burette with two give and always watch for obstacles when carrying around the research lab. Wear closed in shoes, lab coat and safety glasses in case the burette breaks. conservatively pick up the large pieces of broken glass one by one and throw in the glass bin. Use a crash to sweep all the small bits into the bin. Make sure there is no remaining broken glass in the lab.Bibliography1. Columbia University Press (1978-1979). newfangled Illustrated Columbia Encyclopaedia2. Neuss, Geoffrey (2007). Chemistry Course Companion. Oxford Oxford University Press.3. http//books.google.com.au/books?id=nkwM28diKF4C&pg=PT109&lpg=PT109&dq=deflection+charged+rod&source=bl&ots=dk2TPy7IOf&sig=g-MDZP6Q5kDsur57EIejpgJ54bg&hl=en&ei=48FrSp2bFIzusQOsy72WBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=24. Department of Physics and Physical Science, University of Neb rasky, Kearney Falling Water http//rip.physics.unk.edu/CyberTextBook/fallingwater/5. http//books.google.com.au/books?id=nkwM28diKF4C&pg=PT109&lpg=PT109&dq=charged+rod+deflect+water&source=bl&ots=dk2TQr4PPg&sig=iwM-1qHxsAtaF9XoGZ1Mw9UCn6g&hl=en&ei=OStsSqjFIo6qtgOT16WWBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3

Advanced Audio Coding and Walkman Essay

Technology has played an important in part in market and in the society. It has brought positive as sound as negative changes. The progression from sheet medicinal drug to the invention of a phonograph to the walkman, CD player and the iPod has created a modernized society. lot feed to move along with these changes creating a market. The idea of transferring digital music to your iPod without leverage of a CD or an audiotape may seem like an terrible idea but the idea of digital music has led to the downloading of black music.The Walkman may have been the turning point in the music preserve industry. It was a chain reaction for later products such(prenominal) as the iPod and the CD player. Long before the iPod made its way into the market making millions the Walkman was the trendy engineering science. Sony introduced the Walkman in the 1970s, a new invention that led to be a massive hit. Sony ended up selling around fifty thousand pieces by the end of two months after its release. Eventually, other famous brands such as Toshiba and Panasonic entered the walkman market creating a market in the early 1980s.Surprisingly, the output of the Walkman led to an increase in somatogenic activities. This portable device could be carried anywhere and had a hook to attach to any item of clothing. People started exercising more than as one can listen to his or her choice of music while working out especially in gymnasiums. This brought a change in the society as sight began to put on physical training more often. This besides had a disadvantage since commonwealth who had their headphones plugged in tend to be more indifferent to their surroundings.This created an environment, where everyone is tuned in into their little environment being oblivious to what is happening around them. With the populace of walkman, the sale of digital audio tapes in addition increased. As iPods are the twenty-first century popular forms of music player technology, the walkman was the latest thing. This generation became more wired as teenagers started to grow apart from the notion of young people together singing the shouts of the day or the old songs in bowel movement of their houses.Sheet music became obsolete, as fewer and fewer people travel to a more modernized technology and era. Comparing to the advances in the twenty-first century, the walkman is seen as an old portable audio cassette player, where rewinding and forwarding a song would take twenty or thirty seconds. The latest music technology, mp3s or iPod, have put people at an ease with sophisticated technology and its touch screen display has bought a change in this profit-making business.The smooth structure and the advanced A Walkman today would cost you merely twenty dollar where as an iPod can cost anywhere from a nose candy to a couple hundred dollars. How digital music is illegally downloaded and utilise today on music players, Walkman on the other hand take the purchase of audio tapes. As Paul Du Gay notes in his book Doing ethnic studies the story of the Sony Walkman, the walkman accustomed individuals to tune out from the surroundings and caused them to be reclusive.This also led to a cause of a gneration gap between teenagers and their parents or older siblings. The walkman was used by people when in crowded places, such as trains or buses as a means to drown onward noises. This seemed as an effective way to creating your own space but this eventually leads to people tuning themselves out even when at home. Teenagers liked to pass off their headphones on throughout the day I believe this led to a distance between them and their peers.Eventually, a type of distance grew among people, sheet music was nearly extinct and the customary ritual of singing together was farthest disappeared. In conclusion, the Walkman has definitely been a jump from the traditional tape vertical flute players to portable audio players. Its creation has had its advantages an d disadvantages. The increase in the level of physical activity has increased among the owners of Walkman due to the fact that it is portable. Although, on a downside the Walkman has also led to the creation of a secluded attitude.

Iranian Protest Music

There argon a few reasons that I would want to point out as the goals of the introduction. After studying nearly Iranian hold out Music I feel that it is a dear field of study to educate yourself on, or more like protest medical specialty in general is a good question to know a little some. One of the goals was to educate our peers on what exactly Iranian Protest Music is, why it happens, and how it is done. We want them to know the history understructure it such as how it dates back to the revolution back in 1979.This played a role in the publicity of the protests. We also wanted them to know about the most recent uproar with the protests in Iran. It is crucial in this topic to know about the protests during the election that happened in 2009, and the reasoning behind it. The Iranians didnt like the fact that Maidenhead was supported by the U. S. So they were protesting the fact that his throw was on the ballot. We also wanted them to know that it happens day and night, a nd what exactly the gauzy differences be between the two.The daytime is for the ones who dont mind being in the limelight, whereas the darkness chants are more for the ones who dont necessarily want to be associated with the protests. Another topic that we wanted to touch and talk about was the movie Yard-e- Debating-e-Man. This was a very(prenominal) meaningful video that kind of shows the soft side and the heart calefacient side of the protests. It shows the fact that two people were best fri turn backs as children, scarce life took them on two completely different roadways.One went down the path of law enforcement, and the other went down the path of the protesters, two different sides of the postulate. at a time the masks are taken off though, and they recognize each other, they rekindle those memories, which in my mind kind of wows how everyone is a person, no matter which side of the fence you are on, we all bleed the same. One other point that I opine was crucial, y et a tad pictorial, was showing the video with the stress Need from the popular singer Shania Nasal in the background.I dont believe that galore(postnominal) people Ameri targets in the majority collect how serious and violent these protests are. They dont realize that being associated with it heap get you killed, and taking part in the protests can do the same. These arena a Joke, and I deal that it is a with child(p) point to realize. Now on to how it went. Overall I think that it went well, and the culture was taken well. I think that they truly understood the history behind the protests, and how they work, day and night. The Powering went over well entirely in hindsight I think that we should have utilized the Powering more than what we did.We believed that the more information that we had was better, which was true, barely I think that if we would have had more slides it may have all been easier to recognise and comprehend what we are trying to explain. One thing tha t I mourning the most about the Powering is that we didnt use a be, which was a huge skid in my opinion. It was simple to explain in our eyes because we had studied it for awhile, but I know that I am a visual learner, and without the map to show the exact place that we were talking about I believe that it was tougher to go through.With the video that I talked about earlier in the goals section I believe that it was a hit. We were under the mindset that the video at the end was crucial to the dumbfoundation, but we had no idea that it would be the main central point. We spent more time on the video than we expected but it was good to be able to show our peers a video that was and is a big part of the protests. It is a cartoon that is very simple to wed along with and understand what the message is thats being portrayed.One of the biggest things that I would change if I could is showing the graphic scene that went along with the video. The intent behind it was purely educatio nal, but in hindsight it may have been a tad graphic for the classroom. That being said though I believe that it came across in a very serious manner, and it was taken the way we wanted it to be, to military service them realize how truly horrible the scene of a protest can become. It is not Just a disagreement but it is people that are very seriously outing their life on the line for the cause, and are willing to do whatever it takes to have their views seen.Overall I think that the presentation was very effective. I think that they took the information that we had to offer well, and can understand more about Iranian Protest Music as a whole. Though there are things that I press we could change for sure, the biggest would be to dive more into the history. We defiantly had it in there, but I wish we would have emphasized it more than we did. We focused more on the present issue with the election, but I believe that the history is crucial as well.

Interpersonal Process: Decision Making in Organizations Essay

The crucial part of some(prenominal) organization is qualification correct findings in the various contexts. To reach good conclusivenesss, they need reliable information, experience in interpreting information, and reaching a consensus. However, this touch of decision-making remains incomplete without the consultation passage as the face and expertise of separate people in an organization can attend to admit star or alter sensations mind. The process of decision-making is supported by various tools and techniques that help an organization better consort and analyze the information by adding numerical and objective precision to minimize the take aim of subjectivity.As organizational decision-making process is people-centric and it alship canal has some level of subjectivity in it, some sort of training can enable managers to be better decision makers. A supportive environment where one is fairly criticized for making wrong choices and proper support from other chemica l host members and superiors enables managers to make better decisions (Kippenberger, T, 1998).The wideness of interpersonal process of decision-making is obvious in all types of decisions made in the organizational context such as strategic decision of investment and direction of future growth interpreted by the board of director and tactical decision about temporal handling and effectiveness at departmental levels taken by managers. In addition, in the 21st century of market-oriented and customer foc apply approach besides puts pressure on employees to make decision about their own tasks, responses to customers and advance to business practice.The process of first collecting alternative possibilities and then converging on a solution is referred as decision making. In feature when we decide we try to cut off from all other alternatives as the Latin root of the world decision suggests and means. In the presence and emersion of new innovative solutions and huge variations in the ways business are being strikee, decision making process still remains a human process. However, the advance methodologies and MIS have reduced the level of human efforts in collectingand sorting the information thus making the decision-making process relatively less complicated and sticky.As we have already explained that decision-making is a human-centric process, the magnificence of interpersonal skills of influencing others, conflict resolving, communicating, and conveying the messages etc cannot be minimized. Decision-making is not only restrain to only choosing among the alternative solutions and diverging but this process to a fault involves dialogs, brainstorming, reflective reflection, critique and conflict resolution. In addition, interpersonal processes of decision making is some(prenominal) evident in new types of organizational structures such as aggroup-based intercellular substance structure where collaborative and group decision-making are increasingly being rehearsed to erect decision-making process as compared to the conventional decision-making processes.GLOBALIZATIONThe fast bedcover of phenomenon of globalization is increasing the present level of complexity o the ways of decision-making as to collect and process the data becomes a difficult and tactless issue. As boundaries of the countries are getting wider and non-evident in the presence of globalization, organizations are chthonian huge pressures to make decisions collaboratively to effectively manage the flow of goods, services, labor and capital.These organizations to realise the increasingly competitive environment have started to rely on democratic and inclusive approaches to decision-making and knowledge creation. As global organizations have their offices spread crosswise many countries of the world make use, they have to arrange meeting online, face to face discussions and group participations from distant and geographically disparate locations. This proces s of decision making utilizes certain online technologies and solutions to increase the level of efficiency, however, these tools only support the human-centric decision-making process and dont become alternative to interpersonal process of decision-making. In addition, these tools enhance and improvecommunication, learning, creativity and problem solving abilities of management (Anonymous, 2007).GROUP conclusion MAKINGOver the past few years group decision making has become much common and popular as its meaning(a) function is to come up with a collective decision done discussions, and diversity of ideas, and thus making this process more interpersonal. Sometimes individualistic members enduring attitudes is shifted to the more polarized group position. One of the benefits of this interpersonal process of decision-making is the group members learning from each other and mutual persuasion. However, the view point of one member has strong influence on the behavior and attitude of other members even if they sometimes dont give due importance to each others arguments (Isenberg, 1986).Seeking the arguments of most participants but also resolving and mitigating the minority objections is another from of group decision making referred as Consensus decision-making. It is more participative, collaborative and interpersonal approach of decision making. For instance, many organizations use Roberts Rule of Order for structuring debate and passage of proposals to reach to a majority decision, however, the goal of full agreement and consensus is often missed. As this process often formulate adversarial debates and competing factions, disturbing group members relationships, it become much difficult for a group to cooperatively and collaboratively implement a contentious decision (Jeffery, A. B., 2005).REFERENCESKippenberger, T, (1998), Strategic decisions the value of diversity and conflict, The Antidote, 3(7), Emeraldinsight Online, Available at http//www.emeraldinsigh t.com.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/journals.htm?issn=1363-8483& mint=3&issue=7&articleid=873429&show=hypertext markup language (Accessed 02 December, 2010)Jeffery, A. B., Maes, J.D., Bratton-Jeffery, M.F., (2005), Improving teamdecision-making performance with collaborative modeling, Team Performance Management, 11(1/2), pp. 40-50, Emeraldinsight Online, Available at http//www.emeraldinsight.com.ezproxy.scu.edu.au/journals.htm?issn=1352-7592&volume=11&issue=1/2&articleid=1464479&show=html (Accessed 03 December, 2010)Baron, R.S., & Kerr, N.L. (2002). Group Process, Group Decision, Group Action. 2nd edn. Buckingham Open University Press

Mexican Cival Rights Essay

George I. Sanchez, Ideology, and tweedness in the Making of the Mexican American courteous Rights Movement, 1930-1960 By CARLOS K . BLANTON Let us keep in point that the Mexican-American can easily become the front-line of defense of the genteel liberties of ethnic minorities. The racial, cultural, and diachronic involvements in his case emb take to the woods those of all of the otherwise minority gatherings. Yet, divinity fudge bless the legality, he is white So, the Mexican-American can be the wedge for the turnout of cultivated liberties for others (who are not so fortunate as to be white and Christian).George L Sanchez (1958) By embracing innocence, Mexican Americans keep back reinforced the color line that has denied people of African descent plentiful participation in American democracy. In move neat rights, Mexican Americans combined Latin American racialism with Anglo racial secernment, and in the process separated themselves and their political agenda from the nigrify civilised rights struggles of the forties and fifties. Neil Foley (1998) 1 HE memoir OF RACE AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE American SoUTH IS mixed and exciting.The history of Mexican American civil rights is exchangeablely promising, particularly so in regard to understanding the role of ingenuousness. Both selections above, the first from a Mexican American The epigraphs are drawn from George I. Sanchez to Roger N. Baldwin, August 27, 1958, pamphlet 8, shock 31, George I. Sanchez Papers (Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas Libraries, Austin) and Neil Foley, Becoming Hispanic Mexican Americans and the Faustian conformity with Whiteness, in Foley, ed.. Reflexiones 1997 invigorated Directions In Mexican American Studies (Austin, 1998), 65.The author would like to thank the Journal of southeastem Historys sextuplet anonymous reviewers and Texas A&M Universitys Glasscock Center for Humanities investigate for their very financial ai dful cerebral guidance on this essay. MR. BLANTON is an assistant professor of history at Texas A&M University. THE daybook OF SOUTHERN HISTORY Volume LXXII, No. 3, August 2006 570 THE daybook OF SOUTHERN HISTORY quick-witted of the mid-twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate and the last a recently published landed estatement from a historian of backwash and identity, are nominally about naturalness. But the historical actor and the historian discuss egg white differently.The quotation from the 1950s advocates exploiting intelligent ovalbumin to obtain civil rights for both Mexican Americans and other minority groups. The one from the 1990s views such a dodge as in presentntly racist. The historical figure writes of Mexican Americans and African Americans cooperating in the pursuit of overlap civil rights goals the historian writes of the absence, the impossibility of cooperation due(p) to Mexican American whiteness. This line of reasoning is worth further considerati on. This essay examines the Mexican American civil rights causal agency by focusing on the exit and ideas of George I.Sancheza prominent militant and professor of raising at the University of Texasin the thirty-something, 1940s, and 1950s. Sanchez is the most significant knowing of what is commonly referred to as the Mexican American Generation of activists during this period. As a national president of the major Mexican American civil rights establishment of the era, however, Sanchezs political govern within the Mexican American residential district was just as important as his intellectual leadershiphip. Sanchez pondered notions of whiteness and actively engaged them, offering an excellent case study of the making of Mexican American civil rights. First, this work examines how Sanchezs civil rights efforts were vitally certain by an ideological perspective that back up step-by-step, integrationist, liberal reform, a locating that grew out of his activist search on A frican Americans in the South, Mexican Americans in the southwestern unify States, and Latin Americans in Mexico and Venezuela. This saucily Deal ideological inheritance shaped Sanchezs contention that Mexican Americans were one minority group among many needing governmental assistance. Second, this liberal ideology gave rise to a pettish citizenship dilemma.During the Great Depression and World War II, Mexican Americans strategic violence on American citizenship rhetorically placed them shoulder-to-shoulder with other U. S. minority groups. It also marginalized immi reserve Mexicans. The significance of For more(prenominal) on Sanehez see Gladys R. Leff, George I. Sanchez Don Quixote of the Southwest (Ph. D. dissertation. North Texas State University, 1976) pile Nelson Mowry, A Study of the reproductional estimation and Aetion of George I. Sanehez (Ph. D. dissertation. University of Texas, 1977) Amerieo Paredes, ed.. Humanidad Essays in Honor of George 1.Sanchez (Los An geles, 1977) Steven Sehlossman, Self-Evident Remedy? George I. Sanchez, Segregation, and Enduring Dilemmas in bilingualist precept, Teachers College Record, 84 (Summer 1983), 871-907 and Mario T. Garcia, Mexican Americans Leadership, Ideology, and Identity, J930-1960 ( unexampled Haven, 1989), chap. 10. WHITENESS AND MEXICAN AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS 571 citizenship was moot within the Mexican American community and coincided with the emergence of an aggressive bod of Mexican Americans civil rights litigation that implemented a legal dodge based on their whiteness.Third, Sanchezs correspondence with Thurgood Marshall of the National railroad tie for the Advancement of Colored flock (NAACP) in the 1940s and 1950s reveals earlier, fractional connections between the Mexican American and African American civil rights movements. altogether these topics address important interpretive debates about the role of whiteness. This essay fuses devil historiographical streams traditional stu dies on Mexican American politics and identity and the raw whiteness studentships interpretation of Mexican American civil rights.In traditional works the Mexican American civil rights friendship is a good deal examined with little sustained comparison to other civil rights experiences. Conversely, the whiteness scholarship re demonstrates a serious attempt at comparative civil rights history. Taking both approaches into account answers the recent call of one scholar for historians to muster even greater historical imagination in conceiving of youthful histories of civil rights from different perspectives. Traditional research on Mexican Americans in the twentieth century centers on generational lines.From the late nineteenth century to the Great Depression, a large wave of Mexican immigrants, spurred by dislocation in Mexico as well as by economic prospect in the U. S. , provided low-wage agricultural and industrial labor throughout the Southwest. Their political identity w as as Mexicans living abroad, the Mexicanist Generation. They generally paid little heed to American politics and eschewed cultural assimilation, as had earlier Mexicans who forcibly became American citizens as a result of the expansionist wars of the 1830s and 1840s.However, mass violence shortly in front World War I, intensifying racial discrimination throughout the early twentieth century, and forced repatriations to Mexico during the Great Depression heralded the rise of a new political ethos. The community had come to believe that its members were endangered by the presumption of foreignness and disloyalty. By the late 1920s younger Charles W. Eagles, Toward New Histories of the polite Rights Era, Journal of Southern History, 66 (November 2000), 848. See Emilio Zamora, The World of the Mexican Worker in Texas (College Station, Tex., * 1993)George J. Sanchez, Becoming Mexican American Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993) Benja min Heber Johnson, variation in Texas How a bury Rebellion and Its bloody Suppression Turned Mexicans into Americans (New Haven, 2003) and Amoldo De Leon, The Tejano Community, 1836-1900 (1982 new ed. , Dallas, 1997). 572 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY leadersthe Mexican American Generationurged adoption of a new strategy of emphasizing American citizenship at all times.They strove to speak English in public and in private settings, stressed education, asked for the gradual reform of anti-Semite(prenominal) practices, emulated kernel-class life, and exuded patriotism as a loyal, progressive ethnic group. They also desired acquaintance as ethnic whites, not as racial others. The oldest organization expressing this identity was the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC). This ethos of hyphenated Americanism and gradual reform held sway until the late 1960s and early 1970s. Studies of whiteness hold to historians understanding of the interplay of race, ethnicity, and class by going beyond a black-white binary curriculum to seek the subtleties and nuances of race. This new scholarship examines who is considered white and why, traces how the definition of white shifts, unearths how whiteness conditions acts of inclusion and exclusion and how it reinforces and subverts concepts of race, and investigates the psychological and material rewards to be gained by groups that successfully claim whiteness. crime syndicate tension, nativism, and racism are connected to a big whiteness discourse. In other words, this is a new, imaginative way to more broadly interrogate the category of race. Works on whiteness often share a conviction that thoughts or acts capitalizing on whiteness commerce racist power as well as contribute to that deadly powers making. They also generally maintain that notions of race, whether consciously employed or not, divide ethnic and racial minorities from each other and from workingclass whites, groups that would other than share class status and political goals. In recent reviews of the state of whiteness history, Eric Amesen, See Mario Garcia, Mexican Americans George J. Sanchez, Becoming Mexican American David G. Gutierrez, Walls and Mirrors Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley, 1995) Ignacio M. Garcia, Viva Kennedy Mexican Americans in Search of Camelot (College Station, Tex. , 2000) Carl Allsup, The American G. I. Forum Origins and Evolution (Austin, 1982) Richard A.Garcia, Rise of the Mexican American Middle Class San Antonio, 19291941 (College Station, Tex. , 1991) David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (Austin, 1987), chaps. 12 and 13 Julie Leininger Pyeior, LBJ and Mexican Americans The conundrum of top executive (Austin, 1997) Juan Gomez-Quinones, Chicano Politics Reality and expect, 1940-1990 (Albuquerque, 1990) and Guadalupe San Miguel Jr. , Brown, Not White school day integrating and the Chicano Movement in Hou ston (College Station, Tex. , 2001). David R.Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness incline and the Making of the American on the job(p) Class (1991 rev. ed.. New York, 1999) Roediger, Towards the Abolition of Whiteness Essays on Race, Politics, and Working Class History (New York, 1994) Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass. , 1998) George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness How White People Profit From Identity Politics (Philadelphia, 1998). WHITENESS AND MEXICAN AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS.573 Barbara J. Fields, Peter Kolchin, and Daniel Wickberg offer much review. These historians argue that scholars using whiteness as an analytical tool are shoddy in their definitions, strike too finely and semantically into documents and literary texts, and privilege discursive moments that pretend little or nothing to do with actual people or experiences. More specifically, Kolchin and Amesen argue that many st udies of whiteness incautiously caricature race as an unchanging, omnipresent, and overly deterministic category.In such works whiteness is portrayed as acting concretely and abstractly with or without historical actors and events. Ironically, studies of whiteness can obscure the exercise of power. Fields explains that studying race and racial identity is more attractive than studying racism because racism exposes the hoUowness of agency and identity . . . and it violates the two-sides-to-every-story expectation of symmetry that Americans are peculiarly given over to. Research that applies the idea of whiteness to Mexican American history is fragile and even more recent.Several of these studies focus upon the use of whiteness as a legal strategy while others take a broader approach. historiographer Neil Foley offers the most significant and ambitious arguments by moving beyond an summary of how white people viewed Mexican Americans to look instead at the locution of whiteness in the Mexican American mind. He shifts the perspective from foreign whiteness to internal whiteness and argues that Mexican Americans entered into a Faustian Pact by embracing racism toward African Americans in the course of try to avoid de jure discrimination.Foley claims that Mexican Americans consciously curried the favor of racist whites In pursuing White rights, Mexican Americans Peter Kolchin, Whiteness Studies The New History of Race in America, Journal of American History, 89 (June 2002), 154-73 Eric Arnesen, Whiteness and the Historians Imagination, International tug and Working-Class History, 60 (Fall 2001), 3-32 Barbara J. Fields, Whiteness, Racism, and Identity, International Labor and Working-Class History, 60 (Fall 2001), 48-56 (quotations on p.48)Daniel Wickberg, Heterosexual White Male Some Recent Inversions in American Cultural History, Journal of American History, 92 (June 2005), 136-57. *Ian F. Haney Lopez, White By constabulary The Legal Construction of R ace (New York, 1996) Neil Foley, The White Scourge Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley, 1997) Steven Harmon Wilson, The Rise of Judicial Management in the U. S. soil Court, Southern District of Texas, 1955-2000 (Athens, Ga., 2002)Wilson, Brown over Other White Mexican Americans Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation equitysuits, Law and History Review, 21 (Spring 2003), 145-94 Clare Sheridan, Another White Race Mexican Americans and the Paradox of Whiteness in Jury Selection, Law and History Review, 21 (Spring 2003), 10914 Ariela J. Gross, Texas Mexicans and the Polities of Whiteness, Law and History Review, 21 (Spring 2003), 195-205 Carlos Kevin Blanton, The Strange Career of Bilingual precept in Texas, 1836-1981 (College Station, Tex., 2004)Patrick J. Carroll, Felix Longorias Wake Bereavement, Racism, and the Rise of Mexican American Activism (Austin, 2003). 574 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY combined Latin American racia lism with Anglo racism, and in the process separated themselves and their political agenda from the Black civil rights struggles of the forties and fifties. Missing from such interpretations of whitenesss meaning to Mexican Americans is George I. Sanchezs making of Mexican American civil rights.Analyzing Sanchezs views is an excellent run of Foleys interpretation because Sanchezs use of the category of whiteness was sophisticated, deliberate, reflective, and connected to issues and events. An internationalist, multiculturalist, and integrationist ideology shaped by New Deal experiences in the American Southwest, the American South, and Latin America informed George L Sanchezs civil rights activism and scholarship. Sanchez regarded Mexican Americans as one of many American minority groups worthless racial, ethnic, and religious bigotry.Though Sanchez regarded Mexican Americans racial status as white, he also held that they were a minority group that experienced systematic and raci alized oppression. Sanchezs articulation of whiteness was qualified by an anti-racist ideological worldview and supports Eric Amesens criticism of overreaching by whiteness scholars who appreciate neither ambiguity nor counter-discourses of race, the recognition of which would cast doubt on their bold claims. Sanchez was very much a New Deal helping intellectual who utilized academician research in an attempt to progressively transform society.The term swear out intellectual is an appropriate description of Sanchez, who propagated his civil rights activism through academic research with governmental agencies (the Texas State Department of Education, the New Mexico State Department of Education, the U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs) and national philanthropic organizations (the General Education Board, the Julius Rosenwald Eund, the Carnegie Foundation, and the Marshall Civil Liberties Trust).The pinnacle of Sanchezs scho larly contribution as a run intellectual was his evocative 1940 portrayal of rural New Mexican penury and segregation in The Forgotten People A Study of New Mexicans. Foley, Becoming Hispanic, 53-70 (quotation on p. 65) Foley, Partly Colored or Other White Mexican Americans and Their job with the Color Line, in Stephanie Cole and Alison M. Parker, eds. , Beyond Black and White Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in the U. S. South and Southwest (College Station, Tex. , 2004), 123-44.For an older whiteness study that discusses the external imposition of racial concepts on Mexican Americans and other groups, see Roediger, Towards the Abolition of Whiteness, chap. 10. Amesen, Whiteness and the Historians Imagination, 24. Richard S. Kirkendall, Social Scientists and Farm Politics in the Age of Roosevelt WHITENESS AND MEXICAN AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS 575 Sanchez particularly seek to transform society through the field of education. In the early 1930s he published blistering critiques of the shoddiness of IQ tests conducted on Mexican American children.Mexican Americans bad just challenged separate instills in Texas and calcium and were told by the courts that because they were technically white, racial segregation was illegal however, the courts then claimed that pedagogic segregation based upon intellectual or linguistic deficiency was permissible. In challenging racist IQ science, Sanchez essentially advocated integration. A decade of service intellectual work came together for Sanchez in Forgotten People. He called for a comprehensive federal and state chopine to up mount downtrodden Hispanic New Mexicans Remedial measures will not solve the problem piecemeal.Poverty, illiteracy, and ill-health are that symptoms. If education is to get at the root of the problem schools must go beyond subject-matter instruction. . . . The curriculum of the educational agencies becomes, then, the magna carta of social and economic rehabilitation the teacher, the bring in agent ive role of a new social order. Sanchez regarded Mexican Americans as similar to Japanese Americans, Jewish Americans, and African Americans. To Sanchez these were all minority groups that endured varying levels of discrimination by white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant America.Sanchez was uninterested in divining a hierarchy of racial victimization instead, he spent considerable energy on musing ways for these groups to get the federal government, in New Deal fashion, to help alleviate their plight. Even in the mid-1960s when many Mexican Americans had come to favor a separate racial identity over an ethnic one, Sanchez settle down conceived of Mexican Americans as a cultural group, ignoring concepts of race altogether unless discussing racial discrimination. Sanchez engaged the struggles of other minority groups and linked them to Mexican American activism.In 1948, for example, Sanchez (Columbia, Mo. , 1966), 1-6 George I. Sanchez, Forgotten People A Study of New Mexicans (1940 repri nt, Albuquerque, 1996), xvi-xvii. Befitting the service intellectual ideal of freely diffusing knowledge, the Carnegie Foundation gave the book away. Carnegie provided intravenous feeding thousand dollars for Sanchezs research at the same time it supported work on a much larger study on African AmericansGunnar Myrdals classic An American Dilemma The pitch blackness Problem and Modern Democracy (New York, 1944). Carlos Kevin Blanton, From Intellectual Deficiency to Cultural Deficiency Mexican Americans, Testing, and Public School Policy in the American Southwest, 1920-1940, Pacific diachronic Review, 72 (February 2003), 56-61 (quotations on p. 60). Sanchez, Forgotten People, 86. George I. Sanchez, History, Culture, and Education, in Julian Samora, ed.. La Raza Forgotten Americans (Notre Dame, 1966), 1-26 Mario Garcia, Mexican Americans, 267-68. 576 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY published through the United States Indian Service a government study on Navajo problems called The People A Study of the Navajos. In 1937-1938 Sanchez transferred his New Deal, reformist ideology across borders as a Latin American education expert with a prestigious administrative post in Venezuelas national government. penning to Edwin R. Embree, director of the Julius Rosenwald Fund, Sanchez described his work as the chief coordinator of the countrys teachertraining programme in familiar New Deal terms the hardest tax is breaking down social prejudices, traditional apathy, obstructive habits (political and personal) and in-bred aimlessness. His first program report was appropriately titled Release from Tyranny. During World War II Sanchez was appointed to the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs under Nelson A. Rockefeller, where he continued work on Latin American teacher-training programs as part of the war effort. Sanchez was deep committed to progressive reform in Latin America that would lift educational and living well-worns. Sanchez also took on A frican American issues. From 1935 to 1937 he worked as a staff member with the Chicago-based Julius Rosenwald Eund.This philanthropic organization was have-to doe with with African American rural education in the South, and in this expertness Sanchez collaborated with Eisk Universitys incoming president, the eminent sociologist Charles S. Johnson, on preparing the massive abstract on Southem campestral Life. Sanchez was listed in the studys compute as the highest-paid tec for the 1936-1937 academic year with a $4,500 payment and a $2,000 travel budget. Sanchezs work with the Rosenwald Eund also come to numerous activities beyond his role as the groups pedagogical expert.In November and December 1936 he lobbied the lah State Department of Education on behalf of a Dr. Sanchez Seeks Fulfillment of U. S. Promise to Navajos, Austin Daily Texan, November 16, 1946, in George I. Sanchez Vertical File (Center for American History, Austin, Texas hereunder this show will be cited a s Sanchez Vertical File and this alluviation as Center for American History) George I. Sanchez, The People A Study of the Navajos (Washington, D. C, 1948). G. I. Sanchez to Edwin R.Embree, October 17, 1937, Folder 4, encase 127, Julius Rosenwald Fund Archives (Special Collections, John Hope and Aurelia Franklin Library, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee hereinafter this collection will be cited as Rosenwald Fund Archives and this repository as Franklin Library) (quotation) Embree to Sanchez, October 29, 1937, ib. Sanchezs work for the Instituto Pedagogico occurred just after its foot in 1936 during a brief liberal phase of Venezuelan politics. For more on its creation, see Judith Ewell, Venezuela A Century of Change (Stanford, 1984), 75.Dave Cheavens, Soft-Spoken UT professor Loaned to Coordinator of Latin-American Affairs, Austin Statesman, December 3, 1943, in Sanchez Vertical File Texan Will Direct Training of Teachers, Dallas Morning News, November 3, 1943, ib. Georg e I. Sanchez, Mexican Education As It Looks Today, Nations Schools, 32 (September 1943), 23, ibid. George I. Sanchez, Mexico A Revolution by Education (New York, 1936). WHITENESS AND MEXICAN AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS 511 Rosenwald teacher-training program and the broader issue of school equalization.Equalization had been the primary avenue of African American activism that culminated with the Gaines v. Canada decision of 1938, which mandated that the University of Missouri either admit a black law student or create a separate, equal law school for African Americans. Sanchez also lobbied in Washington, D. C. , in February 1937, consulting with the Progressive Education sleeper and various government agencies on Rosenwald jump outs. As one of his duties on the collection project, Sanchez studied rote learning for rural African American children who lived in main offices lacking in formal education.This study was inspired by Charles Johnsons mentor at the University of Chicago, Rober t E. Park. Johnson, Sanchez, and other young researchers such as noted historian Horace Mann Bond were to look at ways to educate populations disable by the lack of books and a tradition of formal education in the home. This venture was affiliated with the Tennessee Valley Authority and chiefly concerned with ski lift the cultural level of poor, rural African Americans more effectively than standard textbooks and pedagogies developed for privileged students in other parts of the country.The project aimed to raiment teachers to integrate the knowledge which the school seeks to inculcate with the experiences of its pupils and with the tradition of the local community. Sanchezs comparable work with bilingual education in New Mexico and Latin America fit well within the scope of the new undertaking. Sanchezs biggest project with the Rosenwald Fund was creating a well-recognized teacher-training program at the Louisiana lightlessness average and Industrial Institute at Grambling .Charles S. Johnson later described this Grambling teacher-training program as among the most progressive of the community-centered programs for the education of teachers in the country. He praised the Grambling travail for offering African American teachers opportunities for the development of creativeness and inventiveness in recognizing and solving * Charles S. Johnson to Edwin R. Embree, October 16, 1936, Folder 1, buffet 333, Rosenwald Fund ArchivesEmbree to Johnson, October 23, 1936, and enclosed budget manuscripts Supplementary Budget on Rural Education Compendium and Rural School Exploration, Tentative Budget 1936-37, ibid. undated project time sheet October 7, 1936 to April 27, 1937, Folder 3, Box 127, ibid. Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge, 1995), 15 Compendium on Southern Rural Life with Reference to the Problems of the Common School (9 vols. Chicago? , 1936). Charles S. Johnson to Edwin R. Embree, January 21, February 25, 1937, Folder 5, Box 335, Rosenwald Fund Archives Johnson to Dorothy Elvidge, June 23, 1937, and study proposal by Robert E. Park, Memorandum on Rote Learning Studies, March 3, 1937, pp.2 (first and molybdenum quotations), 3 (third quotation), ibid. Sanchez left shortly after the project began. 578 THE JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN HISTORY the problems to be found in rural communities, homes, and schools . . . . Sanchez oversaw this project from its inception in September 1936 until he left for Venezuela in the middle of 1937. He set up the curriculum, the budgets, the specialized staff (nurses, agricultural instructors, home economists, and rural school supervisors), and equipment (the laboratory school and a bus for inspections).These duties involved close coordination with Grambling administrators, Louisiana health officials, and state education and agriculture bureaucrats. Difficulties arose due to Sanchezs departure. One Rosenwald employee summarized the programs problems, As long as George Sanchez was here he was the individual who translated that philosophy to the people at Grambling, and I am sure that you agree with me that he could do it far more effectively than the rest of us.But now that Sanchez sic is not here it is the job of the president of the institution to do both this interpretation and this stimulation. . . . I do not believe President Jones knows them. Fisks Charles S. Johnson was elite company for Sanchez. Johnsons lay waste to attacks on southem sharecropping influenced public policy and garnered praise from President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He and others spurred the creation of Roosevelts Black Cabinet. Sanchez practiced a similar combination of academic research and social activism.When he began his work at Grambling he had recently lost his position in the New Mexico State Department of Education due to his pointed advocacy of reform as well as his discernment for hard-hitting, publicly funded academic research on controversial topics such as the segregation of Mexican Americans in schools. He had long sparked controversy with his research on racial issues. What especially limited Charles S. Johnson, Section 8The inkiness Public Schools, in Louisiana Educational Survey (7 vols, in 8 Baton Rouge, 1942), IV, 216 (first quotation), 185 (second quotation).A copy of this volume is in Folder 5, Box 182, Charles Spurgeon Johnson Papers (Franklin Library). A. C. Lewis to G. I. Sanchez, October 14, 1936, Folder 13, Box 207, Rosenwald Fund Archives Sanchez to Dr. R. W. Todd, September 28, 1936, ibid. Sanchez to Miss Clyde Mobley, September 28, 1936, ibid. Sanchez to J. W. Bateman, September 28, 1936, ibid. Sanchez to Lewis, September 28, 1936, ibid. Edwin R. Embree to Lewis, September 29, 1936, ibid. Sanchez to Lewis, September 30, 1936, ibid. Dorothy A. Elvidge to Lewis, November 27, 1936, ibid. Lewis to Sanchez, July 9, 1937, Folder 14, Box 207, ibid. i. C.Dixon to Lewis, March 17, 1938, Folder 15, Box 207, ibid, (quotation on p. 2) Sa nchez, The Rural Normal Schools TeacherEducation Program Involves . . . , September 17, 1936, Folder 16, Box 207, ibid. Sanchez, Suggested BudgetGrambling, April 9, 1937, ibid. Sanchez, Recommendations, December 9, 1936, ibid. John Egerton, Speak instantly Against the Day The Generation Before the Civil Rights Movement in the South (New York, 1994), 91-92 George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, ? 913-1945 (Baton Rouge, 1967), 543, 544 (quotation) Matthew William Dunne, Next Steps Charles S.Johnson and Southem Liberalism, Journal of Negro History, 83 (Winter 1998), 10-11. WHITENESS AND MEXICAN AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS 579 Sanchezs future in New Mexico was a 1933 furor over his distribution of another(prenominal) scholars Thurstone scale (a psychometric technique developed in the 1920s) on racial attitudes to pupils in New Mexicos public schools. regulator Arthur Seligman publicly demanded that Sanchez be ousted and that the General Education Board (GEB) cancel the gran t funding his position in the state bureaucracy.Partly due to the influence of New Mexicos U. S. senator Bronson Cutting, a progressive Republican champion of Mexican Americans, Sanchez survived an ugly public hearing that resulted in the resignation of the University of New Mexico might member who devised the scale. Nevertheless, the incident severely constrained Sanchezs future in the New Mexican educational and political arena. But Sanchez was not pushed into African American education simply out of desperation for employment. He apprehended the opportunities that the Rosenwald Fund provided to broaden his activism as a service intellectual beyond the Southwest. He was direct about this to his most ardent supporter.President James F. Zimmerman of the University of New Mexico Im sorry the Rosenwald Fund is virtually veto from extending its interests and experiments into the Southwest. This is the only disappointment I feel in connection with my present work. I feel it keenly, however, as you know how deeply I am bound up with that area and its peoples. At the same time, though, being here has given me a wider viewpoint and experience that may well be directed at my first love sometime. Zimmerman was disappointed he had groom Sanchez for a faculty and administrative future at the University of New Mexico. notwithstanding the uproar in 1933 Sanchezs talents were in high demand, however, as GEB agent Leo Favrot and Rosenwald director Edwin Embree coordinated which agency would carry Sanchezs salary with the New Mexico State Department of Education in early 1935 (GEB) and during a yearlong research project on Mexican higher education from 1935 to the middle of 1936 (Rosenwald Fund) until he joined the staff of the Rosenwald Fund on a full-time basis for his work at Grambling. * G. I. Sanchez to Leo M. Favrot, April 27 and may 11, 1933, Folder 900, Box 100, G.